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PL
The separation of theory and practice of the European integration created a very dangerous situation for the European Union. The article presents this crisis from the points of view of philosophy, political science and journalism. The“European poison of thought” expressed by a lack of trust of citizens towards the EU institutions perceived as inadequate in addressing the most fundamental problems of the EU citizens, as well as scepticism towards the enlargement of the Union, aversion to financial solidarity with weaker Member States, and disappointment with legal overregulation and money wasting, are just a few out of a long list of problems that make people lose their trust in the European integration. The author also considers the greatest weaknesses of the European Union: preferring interests of those who are present and well-organised on the political arena and the fact that the real majority of EU citizens stays outside the formal democratic structures thus becoming a part of the process of exclusion and fragmentation. The state of affairs in the EU, following according to Karl Jaspers, is called a limit situation, where it possible either to withdraw or rise and exceed restrictions. The author considers hope and radicalism as two forces that power the European political activists; in order to unite them, a new faith, values and hope based on the traditional foundations are needed. This new way of thinking about the EU, the joined-up thinking, is possibly a response to the demand for a radical revival in the EU.
EN
The death of a child is one of the most difficult and painful experiences in an adult person’s life. Statistics reveal the terrifying frequency of this phenomenon. Several thousand children and young adults die every year as a result of diseases, accidents, homicide and suicides. Unfortunately, despite the universality of this experience, a child’s death is still a socially tabooed phenomenon. Depending on the type of loss, there are various difficulties for mothers and fathers with experiencing mourning. Lonely parents may be more likely to experience mental and somatic health problems, such as severe depression (Sanders, 1989), physical exhaustion (Rando, 1986), insomnia (Bowlby, 1980), dissociative disorders, or somatoform disorders (Łuszczyńska, 2011). Even a permanent change in personality being a result of complications in the course of mourning is a possible outcome. It was also noted that grieving parents often have tight and dysphoric affect associated with the experience of helplessness in the face of a loss. Felt anger is directed not only to the immediate environment, but above all to the grieving parents themselves, as a result of the growing sense of guilt (Johnson, 1987). The paper presents results of a study on the problems of a child’s death and the difficulties of parents in coping with the loss, which affects both the family and the society.
EN
The article presents theoretical analysis undertaken to recognize how the K. Jaspers concept of limit situations explains the complexity of the teacher social functioning. The purpose of the article is to explain the meaning of fight in the experience of Polish teachers and the justification for the fact that fight is an indispensable component of pedagogical work. It is because (using the language of K. Jaspers), limit situations, including fight, enable the realization of the existence. As a result, two aspects of fight were distinguished: “fight with” aiming to eliminate the opponent and “fight for”, striving to improve the current state. It was stated that being a teacher requires confrontation with others and experiencing situations that exceed the current capabilities and competences. The situation of fight can be seen as a starting point in the process of development. Moreover, it can be interpreted as existences striving towards transcendence.
PL
W niniejszym artykule podjęto teoretyczną analizę prowadzącą do rozpoznania, w jaki sposób koncepcja sytuacji granicznych K. Jaspersa tłumaczy złożoność funkcjonowania społecznego nauczyciela. Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie znaczenia walki obecnej w doświadczeniu nauczycieli oraz uzasadnienie faktu, że jest ona elementem nieodzownym w pracy pedagogicznej, ponieważ (posługując się językiem K. Jaspersa) umożliwia urzeczywistnienie egzystencji. W wyniku analiz rozróżniono dwa aspekty walki: „walkę z”, dążącą do wyeliminowania przeciwnika, oraz „walkę o”, zabiegającą o udoskonalenie dotychczasowego stanu. Stwierdzono, że pełnienie roli zawodowej nauczyciela wymaga często konfrontacji z tym, co „inne”, „trudne”, a nawet „niemożliwe”, i doświadczania sytuacji, które przekraczają posiadane aktualnie możliwości i kompetencje. Sytuacje te mogą stanowić punkt wyjścia do rozwoju, ponieważ można rozumieć je jako sytuacje „walki o”, która może być odczytywana jako jaspersowskie dążenie egzystencji ku transcendencji.
Bohemistyka
|
2022
|
issue 3
353-374
EN
The subject of the analysis are aggressive linguistic behaviours constituting a part of the pandemic discourse. We are interested in verbal aggression in a borderline situation, for which we consider the COVID-19 disease as the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The research material comes from the discussion forums of the Czech internet portal Novinky.cz. It was collected in the period from July 2021 to August 2022. The researched comments are an example of so-called written conversation, because they reflect the nature of spontaneous communication, the texts are unprepared, created with the usage of  the language of everyday communication (běžná mluva), colloquialisms, slangisms, the obecná čeština, with a clear presence of expressive vocabulary. The article  discusses manifestations of verbal aggression in a lexical-pragmatic perspective, while verbal aggression is understood as any deliberate linguistic behavior that causes harm to another person, inflicts psychological discomfort, presents them in a bad light, depreciates, mocks or ridicules them. The analysis focuses on such aggressive linguistic behaviour as  threats, curses, insults, ridicule, accusations.
EN
There is no denying that the contemporarily revealed truth about the siege of Leningrad is fitted in, citing Dominick LaCapra findings, two coupled terms, i.e. absence and loss. The tension between them concerns not only the witnesses, but also the next generations, which try to recover the memory on behalf of their loved ones. The category of postmemory created by Marianne Hirsch will be employed as a base to the specificity of the reception and presentation of “inherited ex­perience” of the siege by the representatives of third generation. Literary works by Tatyana Tolstaya and her sister Natalia will be analyzed, where, as it turns out, the echoes of the siege sound not accidentally; the background is created by the oeuvre and attitude of their grandmother, Natalia Krandiyevska-Tol­staya. What does this remarkable literary cross-generational relation bring? Is it only an expression of memory, or maybe it is an attempt to confront traumatic events of the past? One thing goes without saying: the presence of the siege in the works of postmemory is a proof of inexhaustibleness, but mostly of not dealing with, not settling up this experience not only in the life of particular families but, most of all, within Russian literature.
RU
В современные исследования блокады Ленинграда вписываются, ссылаясь на труды Доминика ЛаКапра, два параллельных понятия, т.е. отсутствие и утрата. Особенным напряжениям между ними подвергаются не только свидетели, но и следующие поколения пытающихся восстанавливать память о блокаде от имени своих родных. Кроме того, очередной исходной точкой по отношению к специфике приема и представления „перенятого опыта” блокады представителями третьего поколения послужит категория постпамяти Марианны Хирш. Предметом анализа будут произведения Татьяны Толстой и ее сестры Натальи, в которых эхо блокады, как известно, появляется неслучайно, поскольку фон образует творчество и жизненный путь их бабушки, Натальи Крандиевской-Толстой. Что несет с собой этот необыкновенный, литературный, межпоколенческий диалог? Является ли он лишь выражением памяти, или, может быть, это скорее всего попытка конфронтации с травматическим прошлым? Одно не подлежит сомнению присутствие блокадной темы в мемориальных произведениях это свидетельство ее неисчерпаемости, но прежде всего сигнал, что травматический опыт еще недостаточно проработан не только в случае конкретных семей, но и в области современной русской литературы.
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