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CS
Článek referuje o novější literatuře k dějinám pražského lingvistického kroužku, hlavní pozornost je věnována rozsáhlé edici dopisů Pražská škola v korespondenci: Dopisy z let 1924-1989, kterou připravili Vladimír Petkevič a Marie Havránková. Autor srovnává stav poznání dějin PLK s Moskevským lingvistickým kroužkem (MLK) a konstatuje, že ruské materiály jsou doposud vydány a komentovány jen částečně a nejnovější publikace o dějinách Pražské školy budou sloužit za vzor k nápodobě i soupeření.
EN
This article discusses the significant role of František Daneš’s work in the area of grammatical theory. It deals with the question of center and periphery in the structure of grammatical units. It shows that elements of systemic analysis are essential both for traditional grammar and for functional-semantic grammatical research. Particular attention is devoted to the concepts of “functional-semantic field” and “categorial situation”, taking into account the factor of the interaction between the system and the environment (based above all on material from Russian). In the analysis of the categorial situation, elements of the paradigmatic system of the language are connected to the syntagmatic aspects of speech. Issues concerning both semantics and the means of its formal expression are taken into consideration.
EN
At the beginning of the third millennium, projects based on the linguistic geography method are being finalized. Territorial dialects, the object of research, are in decline. In the context of the Czech language, the state of dialects is recorded in the Czech Linguistic Atlas (1992–2011). Among others, this atlas shows how earlier contact with German dialects is manifested in the so-called Sudetenland, inhabited by a German-speaking population until 1945. The University of Regensburg, the University of Vienna and Masaryk University in Brno have begun a joint research project on the German dialects in this area not affected by the post-war expulsion of the German ethnic group from the Czech lands. The results of this research are presented in Kleiner Mährischer Sprachatlas der deutschen Dialekte (Small Language Atlas of German Dialects in Moravia and Silesia, 2011). This atlas is important as a record of the local German dialects in the phase of their decline: confrontation with the Czech Linguistic Atlas deepens existing knowledge of German-Czech dialectal interference. The paper discusses the contribution of this publication in the context of the existing research on contact features from both sides of the language border.
EN
The article is a further contribution to the analysis of the database of questions sent to the Language Consulting Center at the Czech Language Institute. It deals with the group of inquirers - representatives of institutions, whom the linguists understand (in addition to journalists, translators and the like) as authoritative language user. It makes use of the databases of e-mail and phone queries. The article focuses on the three main topics: which linguistic phenomena the inquirers are most interested in, how they use and write about accessible sources of the norms and which attitudes to their own language competence they have. The aim of the article is to form a complex image of one group of so-called authoritative language users.
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The text provides a commentary regarding Ferdinand de Saussure‘s research in anagrammatic poetry. The author first describes three phases of Saussure’s research (1906–1907, 1907–1908, 1908–1909) and explains various changes in his approach. Secondly, the author introduces the main tendencies in reception of Saussure’s “anagrammatic work” (Tel Quel, linguistics, psychoanalysis). Finally, a comparison is drawn between Saussure’s analysis of anagrams and his Course in General Linguistics.
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Promimetická promluva

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EN
Literature is a construction and the reader who knows this willingly submits to the illusion, or the "effects of fiction", because he feels the need to enter another world. Ever since Plato and Aristotle we have been in an undecided state regarding mimetism, between the apparent and the hidden, the real and the possible. "The individual is not without a world" (Patočka), the present situation is realized in an overall situation. Interest in our own being in the world leads us to go beyond this world. Readers also take advantage of this opportunity to create other worlds, to experience the gap between the material and the structure, the statemen and the performance the real and the possible. This gap and tension is perceived as a starting point for interpretation. Literature is motivation for a game of life and literature - it is not just the work of convention and the unssen hand of the system.
CS
Literatura je konstrukce a čtenář, který o tom ví, se vědomě oddává iluzi, "efektu fikce", protože má potřebu vstupovat do jiného světa. Od Platóna a Aristotela jsme s mimetismem v nerozhodnutém stavu mezi patrným a skrytým, aktuálním a možným. "Individuum není beze světa" (Patočka), prezentní situace je realizována v situaci celkové. Zájem o vlastní bytí ve světě nás vede k překračování světa daného. Taky čtenář využívá možnosti tvořit jiné světy, chutná mezeru mezi látkou a konstrukcí, konstatací a performací, aktuálním a možným. Mezeru a tenzi vnímá jako východisko interpretace. Literatura je motivací pro hru literární a životní, není jen dílem konvence a neviditelné ruky systému.
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Autobiografie: žánr a jeho hranice

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This study presents a theoretical definition and delimitation of the autobiography genre, which traditionally lies on the borderline between fiction and non-fiction. the work of Philippe Lejeune and his concept of the „autobiographical pact“, which id analysed aďn detail is taken as the starting point. the individual criteria for autobiographies as defined by Lejeune are progressively examined and the permeability of the boundaries between autobiography and other generes is shown, based on examples from Czech and world literature. The opportunities to experiment with genre conventions and the consequences that ensue for literary theory are presented onm the basis of Gertrude Stein's Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas.
CS
Studie se věnuje teoretickému vymezení a definici žánru autobiografie, který tradičně stojí na pomezí mezi fikční a faktuální literaturou. Za výchozí si bere práci Philippa Lejeuna a jeho koncept tzv. autobiografického paktu, který blíže rozebírá. Postupně analyzuje jednotlivá kritéria, kterými Lejeue autobiografii vymezuje, a na příkladech z české i světové literatury ukazuje propustnost hranic mezi autobiografií a dalšími žánry. Na textu Gertrude Steinové Vlastní životopis Alice B. Toklasové jsou v závěru prezentovány možnosti experimentování s žánrovými konvencemi a důsledky, které z toho plynou pro literární teorii.
EN
The proposed study addresses two research questions: a) what characterises high-quality teaching of English linguistics in a virtual learning environment and b) whether teacher-designed learner autonomy development is reflected in student-led progress tracking and perceived academic achievement by undergraduate pre-service EFL teachers in the specific conditions and context of two semesters constrained by the Covid-19 pandemics. Our understanding of learner autonomy and its development as a shared teacher–student responsibility is primarily informed by the conceptual frameworks of caring teaching and dialogic pedagogy. We employed a mixed-method research design drawing primarily on the quantitative data collected via three online questionnaires throughout the academic year 2020/2021 in combination with action research strategies. The gathered data focused on students’ engagement with learning and the difficulties encountered in the learning process including the state of their well-being and perceived achievement. One of the most salient trends we observed in our data samples was a consistent acknowledgement of personal responsibility for learning outcomes. However, unconstrained learner autonomy without ongoing teacher participation and overt teacher reliance on the students’ intrinsic motivation was judged by most respondents as ineffective and/or causing learning difficulties.
CS
Předkládaná studie se zabývá dvěma výzkumnými otázkami: a) co charakterizuje vysoce kvalitní výuku anglické lingvistiky ve virtuálním vzdělávacím prostředí a b) zdali je rozvoj studentské autonomie formovaný učitelem reflektován studenty v jejich výukovém pokroku a ve vnímání akademického úspěchu u bakalářských studentů oboru anglický jazyk v kontextu dvou semestrů omezených pandemií Covid-19. Naše chápání studentské autonomie a jejího rozvoje jako sdílené odpovědnosti studenta a učitele se především opírá o koncepční rámec pečující výuky a dialogické pedagogiky. Byl zvolen smíšený výzkumný design za využití dat ze tří online průzkumů uskutečněných v průběhu akademického roku 2020/2021 v kombinaci se strategiemi akčního výzkumu. Shromážděná data se zaměřovala na zapojení studentů do výuky a na obtíže spojené s výukovým procesem včetně duševní pohody a vnímání úspěchu. Jeden z nejvýraznějších pozorovaných trendů v našich datech bylo soustavné uvědomování si osobní odpovědnosti za výukové výsledky. Naproti tomu byly neomezená studentská autonomie bez participace učitele a předpoklad studentské vnitřní motivace ze strany učitele hodnoceny většinou respondentů jako neefektivní nebo působící výukové potíže.
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Czech intonation: a tonal approach

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In this article we describe a model of Czech intonation that is based on Daneš’s system of nuclear contours (1957), though, unlike Daneš’s system, it is formally inspired by autosegmental (tone-based) theory. After discussing the fundamental principles of the stylisation (prosodic phrase, types of tonal events, their scaling and their functions) we present and illustrate the inventories of prenuclear accents, boundary tones and nuclear contours. The findings of our analysis are based on two types of speech recordings (read newspaper texts and literary dialogues). Issues relating to the application of tonal events to prosodic phrases (alignment of nuclear contours, intonational homonymy and synonymy, structure of the phrase) are also discussed. We conclude the article by providing a general typological overview of Czech intonation.
CS
Článek popisuje model české intonace založený na Danešově (1957) systému nukleárních kontur (kadencí, melodémů), avšak inspirovaný – na rozdíl od Danešova systému – formalismem autosegmentální (tonální) teorie. Po vyložení základních principů stylizace (promluvový úsek, typy tonálních událostí, jejich výškové zakotvení a funkce) představujeme a ilustrujeme inventáře prenukleárních akcentů, hraničních tónů a nukleárních kontur. Analýza je založena na dvou typech řečových nahrávek (čtený publicistický text a literární dialog). Pozornost je věnována také otázkám propojení tonálních událostí s promluvovými úseky (asociace nukleárních kontur s textem, intonační homonymie a synonymie, struktura promluvového úseku). Závěr článku tvoří celkový přehled české intonace na obecně typologickém pozadí.
EN
This article deals with literary testimony as an author’s response to previous objectivation. We can observe objectivation in its delimited form through the act of arrest, as there is a sudden transformation of the subject into the object during this act. Inverse movement occurs in narrative where, through literary means, the narrator is staged as the center of meaning proliferation. Each of the two directions (objectivation and subjectivation) reveals a narrative position (the subject’s deprivation or, conversely, his emancipation), and in these, an inherent asymmetry between the subject and object of the narrative is present. That is, the other side of the emancipating gesture is objectivation. The narrator makes the characters into peripheral beings. This asymmetric situation is analogous to the relationship between the author and the reader. We specify this thesis in the interpretation of Hrabal’s early autobiographical novella Jarmilka. In this prose, Hrabal incorporates seemingly realistic elements, which are persuasive in spite of the fact that reality was the exact opposite of Hrabal’s description of it. Authenticity in literary testimony is thus aroused not by the depiction of reality, but rather, by specific literary devices.
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In this paper, we discuss the history and current state of research where linguistics and biology meet on the base of interdisciplinary approach. We would like to introduce the use of quantitative text features (entropy, vocabulary richness, etc.) and quantitative text laws (Zipf ’s law, MenzerathAltman’s law) in the analysis of genetic text. We point out research in which similar text features of natural languages are observed on the genetic text. In particular, we focus on the field of molecular phylogenetics, the subject of which is to investigate the relationship of species and the reconstruction of the evolutionary tree of organisms. In the conclusion, we present step-by-step genetic analysis of interspecific relationships of selected crops of the Brassicaceae family using the Bag-ofwords model. Our aim is to stress that linguistic methods can be a good tool for gaining new knowledge about genetic texts, and we want to introduce a method for mapping evolutional relationships
CS
V tomto článku se zabýváme historií a současným stavem výzkumu, v němž se potkávají biologie a lingvistika. Poukazujeme na výzkumy, při nichž jsou na genetickém textu pozorovány podobné vlastnosti jako na textech přirozených jazyků. Konkrétně se zaměřujeme na oblast molekulární fylogenetiky, jejímž předmětem zkoumání je rekonstrukce stromu příbuznosti organismů. V závěru v jednotlivých krocích prezentujeme genetickou analýzu mezidruhových vztahů vybraných kulturních plodin čeledi Brassicaceae (brukvovité) pomocí metody Bag-of-words. Našim cílem je ukázat, že lingvistické metody mohou být vhodným nástrojem k získání nových poznatků také o genetických textech, nově pak chceme představit metodu Bag-of-words využitelnou k mapování příbuzenských vztahů.
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Karel Hausenblas a teorie literatury

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This study discusses the approach of Karel Hausenblas (1923–2003), an important Czech linguist and Bohemist, towards literary theory. The main objectives of the study are: 1) to outline the basic theoretical and methodological principles of Karel Hausenblas’s scholarly research; 2) to present Hausenblas’s conception and treatment of selected terms from literary theory (especially “theme”, “literary character” and “space”). The author of the study demonstrates that the theoretical assumptions and methodological principles on which Hausenblas based his stylistic research draw significantly from Czech structuralism, formulating six of his most important theoretical and methodological principles. The outline of his treatment of such literary-theory concepts as “theme”, “literary character” and “space” make it clear that Hausenblas was not looking for a fundamentally new conception, but was much more concerned about their precise definition and correlation.
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Jazyková diverzita a jazyková politika v Ekvádoru:

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EN
Ecuador is a country with rich cultural and linguistic diversity. However, this diversity has been endangered due to contact between indigenous languages and Spanish. The objective of this paper is to describe the languages and language policy of Ecuador. Attention is devoted mainly to the indigenous languages and to the possibility of their revitalization. The text surveys their sociolinguistic situation and vitality. The indigenous languages are divided into three groups in accordance with the geography of the country: kichwa (highlands), languages of the Pacific coast and languages of the Amazon lowlands. The paper also discusses the general language policy of the country that has recently changed in favor of linguistic diversity but which has not been able to change the negative attitude towards indigenous languages. Regarding language planning, the absence of a consistent policy unfortunately favors a language shift to Spanish rather than the revitalization of the indigenous languages.
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Ilegální časopis Detektivky

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SK
a2_Súčasne sa ukázalo, že obrazová skúsenosť, ktorú produkujú socialisticko – realistické obrazy-výjavy-scény je nedoddeliteľne zviazaná s „pojmami sveta vonku“, teda s textom (naratívnym konštruktom), ktorý organizuje ich recepciu a produkciu zmyslu vo vedomí príjemcu. Správajú sa teda ako V. Flusserom analyzované „technické obrazy“. Práve táto väzba na „ústredný text“ a s tým súvisiaca kontrolovaná obraznosť zakladajú podľa autora štúdie, okrem iného, aj základný rozdiel medzi princípom „voľnosti asociácií“, ktorý charakterizoval historickú umeleckú avantgardu a dostredivou konotatívnosťou obraznosti socialistického realizmu.
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Apoziční vedlejší věty

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EN
In the frame of the formal-semantic level description of language system, appositonal subordinate clause is defined as a subordinate clause incorporated into the matrix-clause by the semantic-syntactic relationship of apposition. Appositional subordinate clause specifies the anticipatory expression in the matrix-clause and its reference is identical with this expression (the same denotatum is expressed twice). The appositional clause has the same sentence validity and the anticipatory expression, however, it belongs to a different level than the determinative subordinate clause. Appositional clauses are classified according to the connective introducing this clause (autosemantic, synsemantic). In case of autosemantic connective (pronoun or adverb) according to the denotatum common to the anticipatory expression and the connective (person, thing, place, time, manner).
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The aim of the article is to propose a suitable system of usage classifications for a Czech monolingual dictionary in preparation. We presuppose that the labeling of linguistic items should reflect the situation of their typical usage rather than their association with a structural variety of Czech (e.g. Standard Czech, dialects or Common Czech). The proposed system is based on our understanding of the Czech language situation as consisting of two basic communicative domains (or sets of communicative situations): (1) everyday communication and (2) the realization of higher communicative aims. Other criteria of distinction applied within both domains are: the spoken or oral form of the utterance, typically Bohemian or Moravian use, the position of the linguistic item on the axis of high, medium and low style, expressiveness of the linguistic item, its position on the temporal axis (archaic, historical, new…), and its affiliation with a social sphere (subject field). The combination of these criteria yields many categories, some of which are empty, irrelevant or marginal to the classification of lexical items. In reducing these categories to those relevant for lexicographic description, we propose and define eleven basic labels and eight two-part label combinations (though other, multi-part combinations are also possible).
CS
Cílem studie je charakterizace fantastické literatury v širším kontextu a nástin dvou typů fantastiky s ohledem na přístup k fantastickým prvkům a na mimotextové souvislosti. Po načrtnutí komplikací spojených s pokusy o definici fantastické literatury ohraničuje fantastičnost z hlediska historického, osobního (halucinace) a ve vztahu k mytickým a náboženským textům, aby posléze představila definici intuitivní metodou s využitím Wittgensteinových rodových podobností. Následné rozdělení na vlastní fantastično a fantastično jako prostředek vyjádření ilustruje odlišné využití fantastických prvků autory spojenými s komunitou příznivců fantastiky a mimo ni, poukazuje na kognitivní mimotextová kritéria významně se podílející na hodnocení fantastických děl a rovněž na nepevnou hranici mezi oběma kategoriemi. Nakonec přistupuje ke vztahu mezi fantastickou a krásnou literaturou úhlem pohledu teorie fantastiky a upozorňuje v tomto kontextu na časté podcenění nefantastické literatury jako opisu skutečnosti. Fantastickou literaturu představuje jako komplexní fenomén uvnitř krásné literatury a nikoli jako úzce žánrovou literaturu určenou vyhraněnému čtenáři.
EN
This paper presents and discusses the results of an experiment testing the validity of the Trace Deletion Hypothesis (Grodzinsky 1989, 2000) in Czech. The Trace Deletion Hypothesis (= TDH) was proposed to account for a receptive syntactic deficit in Broca’s aphasics that involves structures containing transformational operations such as the passive. According to the assumptions of the TDH, in passive constructions Broca’s aphasics fail to assign a semantic θ-role to the derived subject syntactically, so they assign it the Agent θ-role by linear consideration (Default Principle), which results in a structure with two potential Agents. This strategy is supposed to lead to the chance performance of Broca’s aphasics in these structures, as they are forced to guess the distribution of the Agent and the Patient θ-roles. The results of our experiment, however, do not support the TDH-proposal: out of the six tested subjects, only one performed at chance. The error rate for reversible passive structures in Czech was 33.34%, which corresponds to an above-chance performance. Given these results, the validity of the TDH is called into question, also with respect to the development of the generative theory itself.
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