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EN
This article focuses on Den (Day), a daily, later a weekly, that was published in late 1920 and early 1921. Despite its short life, the periodical played an important role in the forming of the generation of writers who began their careers after the First World War and provided what are probably the most striking examples of socially engagé works by the young authors in the Umělecký klub (Art club), in particular the trio of Zdeněk Kalista (1900-1982), A. M. Píša (1902-1966), and Jiří Wolker (1900-1924). With an analysis of surviving records, the first part of the article discusses the establishment and development of the periodical, from the autumn of 1920 to January 1921, when it folded. The manifestos and the aesthetic profile of the periodical are considered in detail. Attention is also paid to the contemporaneous debates and conflicts amongst the young writers, which became more intense, particularly after the establishment of the Devětsil group, which broke off from the originally united Umělecký klub in October 1920. The second part of the article considers in detail the literary journalism of the individual contributors to Den, particularly Kalista, the editor-in-chief of the journal and the author of most of its editorials, and Píša, the author of its conceptually most striking essays on literary criticism. The article also considers the importance of other contributors - Josef Knap (1900-1973) and the literary critic, Jaromír Berák (1902-1964), reporting on Dadaism and cinema, and Jiří Weil (1900-1959), who was one of the first in Den to offer systematic discussion of the literature of Soviet Russia.
EN
This study summarizes various forms of conceptualization of the early postwar avant-garde. It examines how understanding of the terms “expressionist” and “avant-garde” has changed along with considerations over Literární skupina and Devětsil. The study followed changes in the relationship between expressionism and the avant-garde over three stages: the period in which Literární skupina and Devětsil emerged, followed by literary historical reflections on this process during the 1960s and 1970s, and then briefly in contemporary research into the early postwar avant -garde. These reflections are dominated by the view that these two groupings were mutually antagonistic and Literární skupina is seen as distinct from the avant-garde due to its expressionism. Conclusions from theoretical discourse on writings about the avant-garde have been applied in relation to the prose works of both Literární skupina and Devětsil members from approximately 1919 to 1923. In a comparison of texts, important similarities have been found in the imagery, the motif -theme index and the way the texts were created, revealing the need to critically evaluate the way the terms “expressionist” and “avant-garde” are handled as binary opposites. The study suggests that these terms be abandoned when artistic works are being interpreted, and that the term avant-garde be expanded to include Literární skupina, thus supporting the idea of the avant-garde as a heterogeneous, diversified field, in which expressionism emerges as just one of the options.
CS
Studie shrnuje různé podoby konceptualizace rané poválečné avantgardy. Zkoumá, jak se proměňovalo chápání atributů „expresionistické“ a „avantgardní“ v souvislosti s uvažováním o Literární skupině a Devětsilu. Proměny vztahu expresionismu a avantgardy jsme sledovali ve třech fázích: v období vzniku Literární skupiny a Devětsilu, dále v literárněhistorické reflexi tohoto procesu v šedesátých a sedmdesátých letech a stručně v současném výzkumu rané poválečné avantgardy. V těchto reflexích převažuje pohled na obě uskupení jako antagonistická a Literární skupina je pro její expresionismus tzv. vydělena z avantgardy. Závěry z teoretického diskurzu psaní o avantgardě byly vztaženy do souvislosti s prózou členů Devětsilu a Literární skupiny zhruba v období mezi lety 1919–1923. V komparaci textů se ukázaly významné shody v obraznosti, v motivicko-tematickém rejstříku a ve způsobu utváření textů, které odkrývají potřebu kritického zhodnocení zacházení s atributy expresionistický a avantgardní jako s binárními protiklady. Ve studii navrhujeme odstoupení od těchto atributů při interpretaci uměleckých děl a rozšíření pojmu avantgarda na Literární skupinu. Tímto podpoříme představu avantgardy jakožto heterogenního, rozrůzněného pole, ve kterém expresionismus vystupuje jako jedna z možností avantgardy.
EN
This study focuses on the issues surrounding postwar reflections of Protectorate literature and its changing image as formed in individual periods by the Czech literary public and by literary and cultural historians.
CS
Studie se věnuje problematice poválečných reflexí protektorátní literatury, respektive proměn jejího obrazu tak, jak si jej v jednotlivých obdobích utvářela česká literární veřejnost, případně literární a kulturní historici.
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