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EN
Prior to the nineteenth century, literature aimed particularly at children did not exist. Only romanticism saw the great potential that the engagement with the topic of childhood offered. In Poland Stanislaw Jachowicz – Polish storyteller, educator and charity activist-achieved s significant successes in this field. In this article, the author presents Jachowicz’s work from two perspectives. By conducting a nineteenth century and a contemporary reading of his narrations, she examines the possible contexts of reading Jachowicz’s didactic literature, concentrating primarily on his fairy tales. Although, from the point of view of contemporary pedagogy, Jachowicz’s educational methods are outdated and inadequate to give guidance on the realities that the children of today face, one can find universal elements in the writer’s work, for example, respect for another person, work, money or empathy. The modern reader is invited to gain a better understanding of the realities of the nineteenth century family and confront these insights with the challenges and the hopes of the present day.
IT
Si può salvare l’anima educando il corpo? La dinamica espansione della civiltà comunale in Italia determinò l’affermazione della letteratura dal carattere prevalentemente pratico e con chiarissimi intenti moralisti, tutta concentrata su elementi didattico-religiosi e didattico-sociali, che vide nel cremonese Girardo Patecchio uno degli autori che si distinsero particolarmente in questo genere in Italia settentrionale. Dalla sua opera Splanamento de li Proverbii di Salomone, di stampo espressamente religioso-pedagogico, emerge chiaro e forte l’assunto che è possibile avere salva l’anima salvando il corpo. Dove per “salvezza del corpo” Patecchio intende “educare” il corpo poiché è solo grazie ad un corpo costumato e virtuoso si evita di cadere in tentazione e si può giungere alla salvezza eterna dell’anima.
EN
Can the soul be saved by educating the body? The dynamic expansion of municipal civilization in Italy led to the affirmation of a kind of literature with a predominantly practical character and very clear moralistic purpose, all concentrated on didactic-religious and didactic-social elements. Girardo Patecchio is one of the authors who distinguished themselves particularly in this literary genre in northern Italy. From his Splanamento de li Proverbii di Salomone, rises the assumption that it is possible to have the soul saved by saving the body. Where by “salvation of the body” Patecchio means to “educate” the body because it is only thanks to a costumed and virtuous body that one avoids falling into temptation and can reach the eternal salvation of the soul.
PL
Czy duszę można uratować poprzez edukację ciała? Dynamiczna ekspansja cywilizacji miejskiej we Włoszech doprowadziła do powstania pewnego rodzaju literatury, głównie o charakterze praktycznym i bardzo wyraźnym celu moralistycznym, a wszystkie skoncentrowane na elementach dydaktyczno-religijnych i dydaktyczno-społecznych. Girardo Patecchio jest jednym z autorów, którzy wyróżnili się szczególnie w tym gatunku literackim w północnych Włoszech. Z Splanamento de li Proverbii di Salomone rodzi się założenie, że można uratować duszę, ratując ciało. „Zbawienie ciała” u Patecchio oznacza „wychowanie” ciała, ponieważ tylko dzięki kostiumowi i cnotliwemu ciału unika się pokusy i można osiągnąć wieczne zbawienie duszy.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyse the motif of play appearing in early modern Dutch literature, from the perspective of the humanistic pedagogical ideas. These were humanist educators, such as Erasmus of Rotterdam and Juan Luis Vives, who started to recognize the pedagogical and educational benefits of game playing. The author discusses a manner in which the humanistic pedagogical ideals are reflected in the domain of the didactic literature, propagating ideal patterns of behavior. The paper addresses the mentioned problem by analyzing the phenomenon of play present in the one of the most popular Dutch didactic treatises Marriage (Houwelyck, 1625) of 17th-century poet and moralist Jacob Cats (1577–1660). It turns out that the motif of play presented in the treatise affects different contexts: educational, pedagogical and moral. Furthermore, the poet evaluates the concept of play by making a distinction between good and bad games. This division serves him as a metaphor of an ideal and non-ideal upbringing and parenthood. The analysis also shows that by recognizing the educational benefits of this form of entertainment, play, unless purposeful and useful, raises moral doubts, what, according to Jacob Cats and the mentioned humanist educators, has constituted its existence in the child’s world. Keywords: children’s games, motif of play, early modern period, Dutch literature, early modern literature, didactic literature, Humanism, Reformation, humanistic pedagogical ideas, Jacob Cats, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Juan Luis Vives, Christiaan Huygens.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza motywu zabawy obecnego we wczesnonowożytnej literaturze niderlandzkiej, z perspektywy humanistycznej myśli pedagogicznej. To właśnie humaniści, jak Erazm z Rotterdamu czy Juan Luis Vives, zaczęli dostrzegać wychowawcze i edukacyjne walory zabawy. Rozważaniom poddano sposób, w jaki humanistyczne idee pedagogiczne znajdują swoje odzwierciedlenie na płaszczyźnie wczesnonowożytnej literatury dydaktycznej, propagującej idealne modele postępowania. W tym celu przeanalizowano fenomen zabawy obecny w jednym z najpoczytniej szych niderlandzkich traktatów dydaktycznych Małżeństwo (Houwelyck, 1625) siedemnastowiecznego poety–moralisty Jacoba Catsa (1577–1660). Okazuje się, że zaprezentowany w traktacie motyw zabawy dotyka różnych kontekstów: edukacyjnego, wychowawczego i moralnego. Sama zabawa została natomiast poddana przez poetę wartościowaniu, poprzez wyróżnienie zabaw dobrych i złych. Podział ten posłużył autorowi jako metafora idealnego i nieidealnego wychowania i rodzicielstwa. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała również, że dzięki wskazaniu walorów edukacyjnych tej formy rozrywki, zabawa, o ile celowa i pożyteczna, przestała budzić wątpliwości moralne, co, według Jacoba Catsa i omawianych humanistów, konstytuowało jej istnienie w świecie dziecka.
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