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The Antique and Modern Dimensions of Fantasy Literature

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EN
The following paper presents the ancient roots and modern dilemmas of fantasy literature. The first part discusses the genre’s origins in the religious and mythological texts of the antiquity, and the genre’s development until its emergence as modern fantasy literature. The second part is devoted to analyzing the modern critique of the genre (lack of realism, synonymy with children’s literature), and establishing the genre’s categories. The second part investigates the theories of J.R.R. Tolkien, Lisa Tuttle, Farah Mendlesohn and John H. Timmerman. The paper also touches upon such issues as the presence of monomyth in fantasy, the potential of sub-creation and mythopoeia, in order to explain how fantasy literature is the modern successor to storytelling.
PL
Tematem artykułu są literackie korzenie i współczesne problemy literatury fantasy. Część pierwsza omawia początki gatunku sięgające starożytnych tekstów o tematyce religijnej i mitologicznej oraz rozwój gatunku aż do wykształcenia się współczesnej literatury fantasy. Część druga poświęcona jest analizie współczesnej krytyki fantasy (brak realizmu, przyrównanie do literatury dziecięcej) i ustanowieniu wewnętrznego podziału gatunku. Część druga przedstawia teorie opracowane przez J. R. R. Tolkiena, Lisę Tuttle, Farah Mendlesohn i Johna H. Timmermana. Ponadto artykuł porusza takie kwestie jak mitopeja, wykorzystanie monomitu w literaturze fantasy oraz twórczy potencjał wtórnego stwarzania (ang. Sub-creation).
EN
This paper constitutes a summary of studies in the field of axiological linguistics. Its main aim is to present a relationship between the moral judgement and the aesthetic evaluation of characters in the Polish fantasy literature and to elaborate on some of their their characteristics. The study shows that most of the analysed characters were created on the basis of an aesthetic and ethical parallelism, which means that the righteousbeautiful or the evil-hideous types are realized. Yet the parallelism is by no means overt in the literature. A tremendous role in modification of the character’s profile is played by such attributes as the character’s eyes and voice. Descriptions of the character’s body frame and scars, recurring features in the character’s profile, and means of indirect valuation (mostly colour) are axiologically analysed. Also, the most pronounced trends in the use of primarily evaluative means are pointed out.
PL
Autorka artykułu analizuje stworzony przez Annę Brzezińską cykl opowiadań fantasy o Babuni Jagódce, zestawiając konstrukcję tytułowej postaci ze stereotypem ludowej czarownicy, a zawarte we wymienionych utworach motywy baśniowe porównując do ich wersji zakorzenionych w tradycji, opartych głównie na przekazach zebranych przez braci Grimmów. Analiza ta unaocznia, że Babunia Jagódka tylko pozornie stanowi realizację stereotypowego wizerunku wiedźmy, tak naprawdę zaś jest dowodem gry z nim i postmodernistycznej autoświadomości samej bohaterki. Jej prześmiewczy stosunek wobec tradycji, związanej z wyobrażeniem czarownicy, ale także z treścią wątków baśniowych, wywołuje efekt humorystyczny, co zwraca także uwagę na odnoszenie się przez Brzezińską do kanonu fantasy komicznej, zwłaszcza do „Świata Dysku” Terry’ego Pratchetta i do postaci Babci Weatherwax. Wieloznaczność Jagódki sugeruje zaś, by łączyć ją z wizerunkami nie wiedźm Grimmowskich, ale wschodniosłowiańskich Bab Jag, występujących np. w baśniach zebranych przez Aleksandra Afanasjewa. Z kolei sposób przetwarzania motywów baśniowych świadczy, że analizowane opowiadania wykazują cechy renarracji: osadzają znane elementy w nowej konwencji, wprowadzają składniki fabularne nieistniejące w wariancie pierwotnym, poddają baśniowe postacie psychologizacji, zamieniają ich role, zawierają fragmenty autotematyczne oraz „prawdziwe”, „nieprzekłamane” wersje dziejów postaci czerpanych z folkloru.
EN
The author of the article analyzes the cycle of fantasy short stories about Babunia Jagódka (“Granny Berry”), created by Anna Brzezińska, collating the construction of the title character with the stereotype of a folk witch, and comparing the fairy tale motives contained in the mentioned works with their versions rooted in tradition, based mainly on the sources collected by brothers Grimm. The analysis shows that Babunia Jagódka is only seemingly a realization of the stereotypical image of a witch, but in fact she is a proof of playing with it and a demonstration of the character’s postmodern self consciousness. Her irreverent attitude towards tradition, connected with the concept of a witch, but also with the content of fairy tale plots, evokes a humorous effect, which at the same time draws attention to Brzezińska’s references to the comic fantasy canon, especially to Discworld by Terry Pratchett and to the character of Granny Weatherwax. The ambiguity of Jagódka suggests in turn to link her not with Grimms’ witches, but with East-Slavic Baba Yagas, featuring e.g. in fairy tales collected by Alexander Afanasyev. On the other hand, the way of transforming the fairy tale motives indicates that the analyzed short stories show qualities of re narrations: they set well known elements in a new convention, introduce fictional components nonexistent in the original variant, submit the fairy characters for psychologization, exchange their roles, contain autothematic fragments and “true”, “undistorted” versions of the fates of folklore characters.
EN
This article presents and compares methods of description of death in two primary variants of fantasy literature: sword and sorcery and mythopoeic fantasy. The focus is on works of the precursors of fantasy literature — Robert E. Howard (Conan the Barbarian series) and John R.R. Tolkien (The Lord of the Rings, Silmarillion), and texts of authors who creatively developed two primary types of fantasy literature — Fritz Leiber (Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser cycle) and Ursula K. Le Guin (Earthsea cycle). The analysis is divided into two parts. The first one describes methods of presentation of death and their functions in sword and sorcery literature. In this variant of fantasy many literary images of death can be found, which focus particularly on its biological aspects. The next part shows analogical elements in mythopoeic fantasy, where the descriptions of death are inspired by the medieval chansons de geste. The article shows important differences between methods of presenting of death in sword and sorcery and mythopoeic fantasy and between functions of death in this two primary types of fantasy literature. In sword and sorcery the descriptions of death have great importance in the adventure plot structure, because they are connected with activities and adventures of the main character. In mythopoeic fantasy the kind of a character’s death often shows moral condition of this character. Moreover, death in mythopoeic fantasy is important for the balance and stability of created world.
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