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Świadkowie przywileju wielkiego mistrza Ulryka von Jungingen z 28 X 1409 roku. Z badań nad prokrzyżacką orientacją wśród szlachty dobrzyńskiej w okresie wojny 1409–1411

100%

Szybkowski S.

Zapiski Historyczne

2010

vol. 75

issue 2

23-46

The document of the Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen concerning conferring Culm law on Dobrzyń Land on 28 October 1409 has already been discussed in the literature of the subject (Marian Biskup, Karol Górski). Nevertheless, the study by K. Górski was published forty years ago, and numerous studies have appeared which deal with both the Polish-Teutonic relations and the history of Dobrzyń Land. Using the sources allows us to place this increasingly interesting document in a completely new overall context. In this article we shall deal with the problem of identifying the witnesses of the privilege and we shall make an attempt to establish motives which made them support the authority of the Order in occupied Dobrzyń Land at the beginning of the war 1409–1411. This question also appears in literature (Janusz Bieniak, Beata Możejko), however accounts are scattered, which justifies the need to prepare a study of the problem in one place. The following people were involved as witnesses of the source we are interested in: Janusz and Jakub from Radzików (sons of Mikołaj from Kutno and grandsons of the Dobrzyń castellan Andrzej; Janusz – the progenitor of the magnate’s family of Kościelecki), Adam Świnka from Strzygi, Jan Świnka from Chojnowo, Adam Świnka from Sarnowo (grandsons of the Rypin castellan Piotr Świnka), Piotr from Starorypin (a descendant of the Dobrzyń pantler Eberhard and the Dobrzyń cup-bearer Mikołaj, probably a brother of the would be Dobrzyń standard-bearer Jan Rasz) and Namięta from Łapinóż (not coming from a clerical family). Six out of seven witnesses of Ulrich von Jungingen’s privilege for Dobrzyń Land of 28 October 1409 came from families belonging to the clerical noble strata. The Radzikowskis and the Świnkas belonged to outstandingly significant families (the position of the Starorypińskis was slightly lower). Only Namieta from Łapinóż came from a nonclerical noble family. The Świnkas and the Radzikowskis held the highest official positions in the Dobrzyń hierarchy during the rule of vassal princes of the Crown, and during the Teutonic lien from 1392–1405, cooperating with subsequent landlords of Dobrzyń Land, including the Teutonic Order. For this reason after Władysław Jagiełło took over the land, they were removed from their offices to which they had been appointed by Teutonic grand masters. The same happened to the Starorypińskis family. The Radzikowskis, the Świnkas and the Starorypińskis were connected with one another in family terms. They also had family connections and land in the Teutonic State. Representatives of the Radzikowskis family and the Starorypińskis family were institutionally connected with grand masters, holding from the end of the 14th century functions of diners of Konrad and later of Ulrich von Jungingen. All those factors made them support the authority of the Teutonic Order in conquered Dobrzyń Land in the autumn of 1409. Nevertheless, soon after the most outstanding witness of the Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen’s privilege – Janusz from Radzików, Skępe and Kościelec – went over to Jagiełło’s side. He was probably influenced by the following factors: his relatives who were against his involvement in the Teutonic Order, financial corruption and hopes for further promotion prospects in the Kingdom of Poland, which were quite realistic. As far as the remaining witnesses are concerned, it is known that Jakub from Radzików supported the Teutonic Order until the end of the war (which resulted in a serious delay in his clerical career). No doubt the same situation took place in the Świnkas family (plausibly Jan from Chojnów). Their careers after the war varied. Adam Świnka from Strzygi and Zielona soon got on the right side of Władysław Jagiełło, who appointed him Dobrzyń castellan (his brother Jakub also made a clerical career), Jan from Chojnowo and Adam from Sarnowo fell victim to repression. It is not known what attitudes were adopted by Piotr from Starorypin and Namięta from Łapinóż in the later period of the war. However we know that the probable brother of Piotr – Jan Rasz – fought on the Teutonic side until the end of the military conflict of 1409–1411. None of the representatives of the Starorypińskis and heirs of Łapinóż held any offices until the end of the rule of Władysław Jagiełło.

Tycz Bär starosta babimojski 1404-1407(?)

59%

Benyskiewicz K.

Studia Zachodnie

2017

vol. 19

27-50

Artykuł opowiada historię pierwszego starosty babimojskiego Tycz Bära. Rycerz ten zamieszkiwał w Opalenicy i pochodził z obcego rodu przybyłego do Polski w XIV wieku. Żywiołem Bära była wojna. Przed 1393 rokiem w trakcie jednej z wypraw dostał się do niewoli. By odzyskać wolność musiał zastawić swe opalenickie dobra. W wykupie pomógł mu król Władysław Jagiełło, który wsparł rycerza finansowo. Część otrzymanej od króla kwoty Bär musiał odsłużyć zbrojnie zgodnie z obyczajem Królestwa Polskiego. Tycz walczył min. w wojnie o ziemię wieluńską w 1394 roku oraz prawdopodobnie na pograniczu Polski i Nowej Marchii. Królewskie wsparcie nie uchroniło Tycza od finansowego upadku. W pierwszych latach XIV wieku zadłużony rycerz wyprzedał cały majątek rodowy. Wówczas ponownie pomógł Bärowi monarcha, nadając mu starostwo babimojskie. Tycz zniknął ze źródeł w 1406 roku. Prawdopodobnie zmarł w 1407 lub 1408 roku albo zginął w toku walk polsko-krzyżackich nad Notecią.

The paper tells the story of the first starost of Babimost, Tycz Bär. The knight lived in Opalenica and came from a foreign family who arrived in Poland in the 14th century. At war Bär was in his element. Before 1393, during one of his expeditions, Bär was taken prisoner. In order to regain his freedom, he had to mortgage his estate in Opalenica. King Władysław Jagiełło granted him financial help to retrieve these goods. According to the customs of the Kingdom of Poland, Bär had to repay part of his debt serving in the king’s army. Thus, he fought in the battle of the Land of Wieluń in 1394 and probably in the Poland-Neumark borderland. The king’s support saved Tycz from financial downfall. In the first years of the 14th century, the indebted knight sold his family’s entire estate. Then, the monarch once again helped Bär and appointed him the starost of Babimost. The last mention of Tycz in historical sources comes from 1406. He probably died in 1407 or 1408 or was killed on Polish-Teutonic battles on the Noteć River.

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1 Studia Zachodnie

1 Zapiski Historyczne

1 Benyskiewicz K.

1 Szybkowski S.

1 2017

1 2010

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Świadkowie przywileju wielkiego mistrza Ulryka von Jungingen z 28 X 1409 roku. Z badań nad prokrzyżacką orientacją wśród szlachty dobrzyńskiej w okresie wojny 1409–1411

Tycz Bär starosta babimojski 1404-1407(?)