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Logopedia
|
2018
|
vol. 47 EN
|
issue 2
115-129
EN
The article is an attempt to synthesize and organize the most up-to-date data on speech fluency disorders: stuttering and cluttering. The analyzed data come from both scientific research, based on the latest diagnostic techniques (for example: fMRI, PET, audiological research), as well as reflections gathered around the logopedic practice. The factors predisposing, triggering and maintaining the distinguished speech disorders, as well as the methods of determining the goals of therapy of persons with these disorders and ways of its management were taken into account. The conclusions resulting from the meta-analysis of the collected data show significant changes in the theoretical and practical perspective of the perception of stuttering and cluttering.
EN
The goal of the author is to begin a wide-ranging, professional discussion on the individual selection of methods of linguistic upbringing and logopedic therapy for special developmental and educational needs of hearing-impaired children. This discussion is necessary in view of changes in the medical care of hearing-impaired persons. The essence of changes lies in that there has been an increase in the number of children that have an opportunity to develop the hearing functions of the brain owing to sensory stimulation, using hearing prostheses (hearing aids and cochlear implants). The child’s chances are the greater, the earlier they are fitted with a well-selected auditory prosthesis. The child fitted with auditory prostheses, however, is not a perfectly hearing child. Individual benefits from using them vary in individual persons. A hearing-impaired child needs logopedic care and linguistic upbringing even when they seemingly respond well to sounds. The methods of management should be carefully adjusted to individual developmental needs and take into consideration a thorough and comprehensive diagnosis of the child’s linguistic and cognitive activities. The objective of the article is to define the tasks of specialist teams taking measures under the programme of early assistance to development of profoundly hearing-impaired children. These measures should be addressed to families and their social environments. This is justified by the developmental needs of every child, arising not only from deficit in perceptual ability but first of all from the very essence of development of man as an integral being: biological, mental, socio-cultural and moral-spiritual. The program of activities should comprise all developmental needs of a child.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie kompetencji dzieci w wieku od 4 do 6 lat w zakresie tworzenia neologizmów słowotwórczych. Autorzy skupili się na kategorii nazw wykonawców czynności, badając, jakie techniki derywacyjne i typy słowotwórcze były najczęstsze, co wykorzystywano najchętniej jako podstawę słowotwórczą i jakie jest odniesienie zebranego materiału do form normatywnych. Przedmiotem zainteresowania autorów było również sprawdzenie gotowości dzieci w określonym wieku do samodzielnego tworzenia nazw działaczy. Przeprowadzone badania mogą być wykorzystane do tworzenia narzędzi diagnostycznych i programów terapeutycznych w logopedii.
EN
The article presents an analysis of the competences of the 4-6-year-olds in creating pattern-forming neologisms. The authors concentrate on the category of names of agents performing an action, researching the most popular derivational techniques and word-formation types, as well as the most frequent derivational bases and the relation of the gathered material to the normative forms. The authors are also interested in the readiness of children of a certain age to independently create names of agents. The conducted research can be used for creating diagnostic tools and therapeutic programmes in logopedics.
Logopedia
|
2018
|
vol. 47
|
issue 1
183-200
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań własnych dotyczących metaforycznego opisywania emocji przez sześcioletnie dzieci. Wyniki badań pokazują, że ujęcie znaczenia za pomocą metafor ułatwia dzieciom wyjaśnienie trudnych pojęć. Metafory dziecięce pozwalają zobrazować odmienność myślenia dzieci, efektem tego procesu są oryginalne definicje analizowanych pojęć. Artykuł jest próbą ukazania nowej perspektywy w terapii logopedycznej bazującej na możliwościach poznawczych dzieci, ich wyobraźni oraz zdolnościach metaforycznych. Postulat pod adresem terapii logopedycznej jest tylko zarysowaniem problemu.
EN
The article presents selected results of the author’s own studies into the metaphorical description of emotions by six-year-olds. The results of inquiries show that the presentation of meaning by means of metaphors makes it easier for children to explain difficult concepts. Children’s metaphors enable illustration of the different way of thinking by children and, as a result, their highly original definitions. The article is an attempt to show a new perspective in logopedic therapy based on children’s cognitive capabilities, their imagination, and metaphorical abilities. The suggestion regarding logopedic therapy is meant to only to signal the problem.
EN
The authors of the paper present the results of the research on the incorrect way of pronouncing the soft dentalized consonants as well as the range and regularity of the defect in the case of a person with open occlusion and with the correct one. The research shows that in both cases the defect consists in changing the palatal [ś ź ć v] into the palatalized [s’ z’ c’ r’] or even into the hard [s z c r]. However, the study does not only deal with the permanent substitution of the above-mentioned realisations but with the optional incorrect pronunciation that occurs alternatively with the correct one. In the position before a vowel the defective articulation even with distinctly heard [z] is a rule. What is more, [z] appears, although not so regularly, in the case of the right realisation of /ś ź ć v/ as well. The comparison of the pronunciation of a person with open occlusion and the correct one shows that the defect of occlusion does not influence the articulation of /ś ź ć v/. Certain phonetic factors resulting in the intensity of speech defects are more important here. For example, flattening lips during the articulation of a following vowel and the presence of other palatal dentalized sounds in a word or phrase. The conducted research provides certain tips helpful in logopedic therapy.
Logopedia
|
2016
|
vol. 45
245-268
PL
Zadaniem, które postawiła sobie autorka artykułu jest rozpoczęcie szerokiej profesjonalnej dyskusji nad indywidualnym doborem metod wychowania językowego i terapii logopedycznej do specjalnych potrzeb rozwojowych i edukacyjnych dzieci z uszkodzeniami słuchu. Dyskusja ta jest konieczna wobec przemian w dziedzinie opieki medycznej nad osobami z uszkodzeniami słuchu. Istota zmian polega na tym, że zwiększyła się liczba dzieci mających szansę rozwinąć czynności słuchowe mózgu dzięki stymulacji zmysłowej z zastosowaniem protez (aparatów oraz implantów słuchowych). Szanse dziecka są tym większe im wcześniej zostanie zaopatrzone w dobrze dobraną protezę. Dziecko zaopatrzone w protezy nie jest jednak dzieckiem doskonale słyszącym. Indywidualne korzyści z ich używania są różne u poszczególnych osób. Dziecko z uszkodzeniem narządu słuchu potrzebuje opieki logopedycznej i wychowania językowego, nawet wówczas, gdy – na pozór – dobrze reaguje na dźwięki. Metody postępowania powinny być starannie dostosowane do indywidualnych potrzeb rozwojowych i uwzględniać gruntowną i wszechstronną diagnozę czynności językowych i poznawczych dziecka. Celem artykułu jest określenie zadań zespołów specjalistów podejmujących działania w ramach programów wczesnego wspomagania rozwoju dzieci z głębokimi uszkodzeniami słuchu. Działania te powinny być kierowane do rodzin i do otaczających rodziny środowisk społecznych. Jest to uzasadnione potrzebami rozwojowymi każdego dziecka, wynikającymi nie tylko z deficytu sprawności percepcji, ale przede wszystkim z samej istoty rozwoju człowieka jako bytu integralnego: biologicznego, psychicznego, społeczno-kulturowego i moralno-duchowego. Program działań powinien obejmować wszystkie potrzeby rozwojowe dziecka.
EN
The goal of the author is to begin a wide-ranging, professional discussion on the individual selection of methods of linguistic education and logopedic therapy for special developmental and educational needs of hearing-impaired children. This discussion is necessary in view of changes in the medical care of hearing-impaired persons. The essence of changes lies in that there has been an increase in the number of children that have an opportunity to develop the hearing functions of the brain owing to sensory stimulation, using hearing prostheses (hearing aids and cochlear implants). The child’s chances are the greater, the earlier he is fitted with a well-selected auditory prosthesis. The child fitted with auditory prostheses, however, is not a perfectly hearing child. Individual benefits from using them vary in individual persons. A hearing-impaired child needs logopedic care and linguistic education even when he seemingly responds well to sounds. The methods of management should be carefully adjusted to individual developmental needs and take into consideration a thorough and comprehensive diagnosis of the child’s linguistic and cognitive activities. The objective of the article is to define the tasks of specialist teams taking measures under the program of early assistance of development of profoundly hearing-impaired children. These measures should be addressed to families and their social environments. This is justified by the developmental needs of every child, arising not only from deficit in perceptual ability but first of all from the very essence of development of man as an integral being: biological, mental, socio-cultural and moral-spiritual. The program of activities should comprise all developmental needs of a child.
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