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EN
Prior to the financial crisis that erupted in 2007 in the United States, monetary policy had been conducted according to theoretical (new neoclassical synthesis) and practical consensuses (Jackson Hole consensus). These consensuses were combined into the central banks’ strategic frameworks. Monetary strategy goal was established together with reaction function and communication strategy. After eruption of the crisis, the central bank mandate was augmented with the explicit support of financial stability. Most central banks gained a new responsibility – macroprudential policy. The conduct of monetary policy and macroprudential policy under one roof creates a new challenging quality. The article’s goal is to assess the redefinition of monetary policy strategy – or more broadly – central banks’ strategy in the light of their newly acknowledged mandate. Up to 2016 central banks did not present a framework of such an enlarged strategy. This situation seems to be temporary. Modern monetary policy which is still central banks’ mandate must shape economic agents’ expectations. Therefore, a state of affairs when central banks avoid a declaration on their own priorities and possible conflict of goals is dissatisfying.
EN
The aim of this paper is to explain the concept of the financial market law privity and its applicability through the regulation of macroprudential supervision on the financial market in the insurance sector. The observed interference of the public and private norms in the financial market, shown using the example of the financial market law privity created under financial market law, is significant in the area of macroprudential supervision and therefore the theoretical and practical issues surroung this topic are discussed together in this paper. The conclusions of the article show the possible applicability of the theoretical construction of the financial market law privity on the practical questions of the insurance sector.
EN
This article brings up the issue of procyclicality of banking activity stemming, among other things, from Basel II banking regulations and banks’ management practices. It also tries to examine the applicability of tools aimed to limit excessive credit granting (limits on LtV, DtI) as potential macroprudential solutions. It explores dominant trends in empirical studies on the issue of Basel banking regulation procyclicality and some of their shortcomings, including data used. To remedy these drawbacks and lack of some information, which seem crucial from the author’s point of view, the research survey is proposed. This article describes construction of the survey and comments on some results obtained from the survey conducted among banks from the European Union. The author attempted to verify, among other things, whether advanced methods used in calculation of capital requirements or in credit granting process, increase probability of decreasing credit supply. It was also investigated whether banks had their own limits on credit granting that were stricter than regulatory ones and thereby anticyclical use of such limits may be limited. However, the results obtained by the author do not allow to verify them in statistically significant manner and should not be used in formulating more general proposals. Further research using the proposed methodology should be conducted under auspices of respected international organisation like World Bank, national supervisory bodies or national central banks.
PL
Ostatni światowy kryzys finansowy pokazał, że nadzór mikroostrożnościowy na rynkach finansowych jest niewystarczający, dlatego Unia Europejska podjęła działania w celu utworzenia nadzoru makroostrożnościowego (ang. macroprutential), którego celem ma być zapewnienie stabilności systemu finansowego. Zaproponowano zmiany w regulacjach ostrożnościowych, a także w organizacji samego nadzoru. Główne zmiany w regulacjach makroostrożnościowych są zawarte w pakiecie CRDIV/CRR wprowadzającym do prawa Unii Europejskiej zmiany zaproponowane w ramach Bazylei III, przyjęte przez Komitet Bazylejski ds. Nadzoru Bankowego. Nowym organem sprawującym nadzór makroostrożnościowy nad systemem finansowym w Unii Europejskiej jest Europejska Rada ds. Ryzyka Systemowego (ERRS; ang. European Systemic Risk Board). Działalność Rady polega na monitorowaniu, ocenie i przeciwdziałaniu występowania ryzyk systemowych wynikających z sytuacji makroekonomicznej oraz z uwarunkowań w ramach całego systemu finansowego UE. Unia Europejska powołała również tzw. unię bankową obejmującą 17 krajów członkowskich należących do strefy euro, jako nowy, dodatkowy nadzór bankowy. Umiejscowiony w strukturze Europejskiego Banku Centralnego (EBC) ma ona zajmować się zagadnieniami nadzoru makroostrożnosciowego i mikroostrożnościowego nad bankami ze strefy euro. Działania unii bankowej mają zapewnić stabilność finansową w krajach strefy euro. W Polsce zaś podjęto działania zmierzające do powołania Rady ds. Ryzyka Systemowego, jako organu odpowiedzialnego za nadzór makroostrożnościowy nad systemem finansowym.
EN
Current world crisis showed that microprudential supervision on financial markets is insufficient, therefore the European Union undertook activities in order to create macroprutential supervision, which aim is to assure the stability of financial system. Changes in prudential regulations and in organization of supervision itself were proposed. Main changes in macroprudential regulations are included in CRDIV/CRR package introducing to the EU law changes proposed within Basel III framework adopted by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The new body performing macroprudential supervision over financial system of the European Union is European Systemic Risk Board. The Board activities consist on monitoring, assessment and countering systemic risks resulting from macroeconomic situation and determinants in the whole financial system of EU. The EU created also so called Banking Union including 17 Member Countries of Eurozone as new, additional banking supervision. Placed in structure of European Central Bank, its aim is to deal with both microprudential and macroprudential supervision over banks in Eurozone. Activity of Banking Union is to assure financial stability in Eurozone countries. In Poland activities to create Systemic Risk Board – body responsible for macroprudential supervision - have been undertaken.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest holistyczne przedstawienie idei makro­nadzoru, wskazanie na potrzeby jej implementacji oraz wykazanie na podstawie danych historycznych i badań, że polityka makroostroż­nościowa może istotnie przeciwdziałać materializacji ryzyka syste­mowego w działalności bankowej. Oznacza to, że będzie ona w sta­nie przeciwdziałać temu ryzyku w wymiarze zarówno czasowym, jak i strukturalnym, przekładając się na lepsze funkcjonowanie gospodar­ki realnej, której system finansowy przede wszystkim służy. W pracy została przedstawiona historia idei makronadzoru oraz opisana cha­rakterystyka systemu finansowego, źródła ryzyka systemowego, a tak­że cele i instrumenty polityki makroostrożnościowej.
EN
The main objective of this paper is a holistic representation of the idea of macro-supervision, pointing to the need for its implementation and demonstration based on research and historical data that macro-pru­dential policy can significantly prevent the materialization of systemic risk in the banking business. This means that it will be able to coun­teract this risk in both temporal and structural terms, translating into better functioning of the real economy, which the financial system pri­marily serves. The article will present the history of the idea of macro-supervision and its concept in the light of different economic schools. Next, the characteristics of the financial system, sources of systemic risk and macro-prudential policy objectives will be shown. Attention will also be given to the other objectives of this idea. In the next stage of work, a range of policy instruments will be presented.
EN
Financial crisis clearly demonstrated lack of appropriate legal regulations regarding financial systems and layed bare imperfection of microprudential supervision. In order to implemate CRD IV/CRR package by macroprudential supervision act, Financial Stability Committee was constituted.Its purpose is to strengthen stability of financial system and reduce the risk of a financial crisis in the future. Macroprudential supervision includes identification, assessment and monitoring of systemic risk as well as actions undertaken in order to limit such risk by means of macroprudential instruments. The goal of the article is to point out and delineate rights and obligations of the Committee in macroprudential supervision on Polish financial system.
PL
Kryzys finansowy wyraźnie wskazał na brak odpowiednich regulacji prawnych dotyczących systemów finansowych oraz obnażył niedoskonałości nadzoru mikroostrożnościowego nad systemem finansowym. W celu implementacji tzw. Pakietu CRD IV/CRR ustawą o nadzorze makroostrożnościowym powołany został Komitet Stabilności Finansowej, który ma za zadanie wzmocnić stabilność systemu finansowego oraz ograniczyć ryzyko wystąpienia kryzysu finansowego w przyszłości. Nadzór makroostrożnościowy obejmuje identyfikację, ocenę i monitorowanie ryzyka systemowego oraz działania mające na celu ograniczenie tego ryzyka poprzez zastosowanie instrumentów makroostrożnościowych. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie i omówienie uprawnień oraz obowiązków Komitetu w zakresie nadzoru makroostrożnościowego nad systemem finansowym w Polsce.
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