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EN
The aim of this study is to present the first ten years of secret cooperation between male religious congregations in Poland and Czechoslovakia, initiated after the political “thaw” in 1956. This phase ended with the establishment of direct contacts between Polish hierarchs and Slovak ecclesiastical emigration during the Second Vatican Council, which, in turn, opened up new prospects for cooperation. As all communication, contacts and support given were usually held in deep conspiracy, it is difficult to find written sources on the matter, and witnesses are usually deceased. Therefore, the main source of information are documents produced by the communist security apparatus (investigations into individual orders or prosecutions of arrested monks). They are supplemented by written accounts and memoirs. Considering the state of preserved sources, I focus here on a few of the most active congregations in this regard: the Redemptorists, Capuchins, Jesuits, Society of the Divine Word.
EN
The Carmelites (Ordo Fratrum Beatae Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo) were among the larger orders in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth around 1772: they numbered nearly 1,000 monks living in 59 religious houses. The change in the political situation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the partitions resulted initially in the disintegration of the monastic orders’ provincial structures that had existed until 1772. Subsequently, in accordance with the partitioners’ policy toward Catholics, the Church saw the suppression of religious orders: a significant number of monasteries were abolished and monks were dispersed. The lands annexed to Austria became the only area where Carmelites managed to survive in the Galician Province until Poland regained independence. The historical source presented here, namely directory (also known as elenchus), was usually issued annually as a list of diocesan and/or religious clergy members. For the Carmelite community belonging to the Galician province, (today know) 23 annals of such sources have been published in more than 50 years. They contained information about each monk: their name, surname, functions, possibly degrees, year of birth and – in the case of fathers – the year of ordination. The last information about a particular person was that provided in the list of the deceased community members. Although the basic content of the Carmelite directories was not very rich, it does provide a basis for a preliminary determination of community size and basic personal data.
PL
Około 1772 roku karmelici (Ordo Fratrum Beatae Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo) należeli do grupy większych wspólnot zakonnych w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów: liczyli prawie 1000 zakonników mieszkających w 59 domach. Zmiana sytuacji politycznej Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i rozbiory spowodowały, że udziałem zakonów w pierwszej kolejności stał się rozpad struktur prowincjonalnych istniejących do 1772 roku. Następnie, zgodnie z polityką zaborców wobec katolików, w Kościele dokonano kasaty zakonów: zlikwidowano znaczną część klasztorów i rozproszono zakonników. Ziemie przyłączone do Austrii stały się jedynym obszarem, na którym karmelitom udało się przetrwać w prowincji galicyjskiej do odzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości. Prezentowane źródło historyczne, jakim jest schematyzm (zwany też katalogiem lub elenchusem), wydawane było zwykle corocznie jako lista duchowieństwa diecezjalnego i/lub zakonnego. Dla wspólnoty karmelitów należącej do prowincji galicyjskiej w ciągu ponad 50 lat ukazały się (współcześnie znane) 23 roczniki tego rodzaju źródeł. Zawierały informacje o każdym z zakonników: imię, nazwisko, funkcje, ewentualnie stopnie naukowe, rok urodzenia, a w przypadku ojców – rok święceń kapłańskich. Ostatnią wiadomością o konkretnej osobie była ta podawana w wykazie zmarłych członków wspólnoty. Mimo że podstawowa zawartość katalogów karmelitańskich nie była zbyt bogata, to jednak daje ona podstawę do wstępnego określenia liczebności społeczności i podstawowych danych osobowych.
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EN
In the Benedictine rule, a monastic scapular was initially used as an apron protecting a habit during physical work. With the establishment of the Cistercians, it became an integral part of religious clothing. A scapular was adopted, among others, by the Benedictine monks and nuns, the Brothers Hospitallers of St John of God, the Dominican monks and nuns, the Camaldolese monks and nuns, the Capuchin Tertiaries, the Carmelite monks, the Carthusians, the Mercedarians, the Pauline Fathers, the Brothers Comforters of Gethsemane, the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, the Trinitarians, the Servite Order and the Albertine nuns, the Augustinian nuns, the Bernardine nuns, the Bridgettines, some Franciscan nuns, the Capuchin nuns, the Discalded Carmelite nuns, the Poor Clares, the Congregation of the Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Loreto, the Congregation of Sisters Shepherdesses of Divine Providence, The Piarist Sisters, the Congregation of the Nursing Sisters of Our Lady of Sorrows, the Congregation of the Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
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