The concept of “non-performance of Deputies duties” covers all kinds of acts that violate legal norms determining the manner of exercising the parliamentary mandate. At the same time, this concept does not include acts leading to non-performance of such Deputies’ duties, the violation of which is threatened by a legal sanction set out in other legal provisions. It is not possible to indicate a full catalog of duties, whose breach casuses a liability under Article 22 of the Standing Orders. “Non-performance of Deputies’ duties” covers, among others, cases of violation of duties related to the participation in the composition of another state authority, related to the function of representing the Sejm in proceedings before other authorities and in interparliamentary relations.
The article is devoted to the functioning of a member of the governing body of a capital company. In particular, the issue of the term of office and the mandate held by him. These issues are regulated by the Code of Commercial Companies. Undoubtedly, the concepts of term of office and mandate are closely related. They are forms of the same phenomenon, which is the performance of duties and the exercise of the rights of a member of the management board. It should be emphasized that a person appointed to the management board begins his term of office and is granted the powers to perform the function of a management board member (mandate). In Polish law, the term of office of the management board is not always obligatory (e.g. in a limited liability company it is possible to appoint a member of the management board for an indefinite period). The mandate of a member of the management board arises when he or she is appointed to the composition of the management board in the manner specified in the articles of association. However, in the light of the views of the judiciary, it is permissible to renew the mandate per facta concludentia. The mandate expires as a result of death, resignation will also be dismissal of a member of the management board. The work also discusses disputes regarding the method of calculating the term of office of a member of the management board of a limited liability company. The dismissal of members of the management board is governed by the relevant provisions of the Commercial Companies Code.
Autor w artykule analizuje następujące zagadnienia: 1) organ jako element konstrukcji osoby prawnej; 2) umowa jako wyłączne źródło stosunku organizacyjnego; 3) charakterystyka umów rodzących stosunki organizacyjne oraz 4) ustanie stosunków organizacyjnych. Mandat i kadencja, zawarte w treści umów organizacyjnych, są pojęciami uniwersalnymi, które mogą zostać wyprowadzone z art. 369 kodeksu spółek handlowych. Nie oznacza to jednak możliwości stosowania nawet odpowiednio pozostałych przepisów kodeksu spółek handlowych do innych, niż spółki, typów osób prawnych.
EN
The Author in the article analyzes the following issues: 1) organ as part of the structure of a legal entity; 2) contract as the source of organizational relation; 3) characteristic of the contracts resulting in organizational relations and 4) cessation of the organizational relations. The mandate and the term of office, situated in the content of organizational contracts, are universal definitions, which can be derived from Article 369 of the Code of Commercial Companies. However, it does not mean the possibility to use, even adequately, other provisions of the Code of Commercial Companies concerning other than companies, types of legal entities.
Autor ma na celu zwrócenie uwagi na zagadnienie mandatu wolnego i jego granic poprzez wskazanie jego ewolucji na przestrzeni lat. W niniejszej pracy zawarto rozważania dotyczące cech przedstawicielskiego mandatu wolnego poprzez wskazanie jego podstawowych właściwości (uniwersalność, niezależność i nieodwoływalność) jak i formalnych i materialnych granic jego sprawowania. Autor skupia uwagę, przede wszystkim na analizie regulacji dotyczących przedmiotowego problemu, poszerzonej o liczny pogląd doktryny i aspekt historyczny.
EN
The author aims to highlight the issue of the free mandate and its limits by indicating its evolution over the years. This paper includes a consideration of the characteristics of the representative free mandate by indicating its basic properties (universality, independence and non-revocability) as well as the formal and material limits of its exercise. The author focuses his attention primarily on the analysis of the regulations concerning the problem in question, extended by a number of doctrinal views and the historical aspect.
The paper contains a legal analysis of a resignation made by the last member of the Management Board in Limited Liability Company - in case that remaining mandates of the members of the Management Board are vacant - in accordance to the recent normative amendment form the November 9th, 2018 of Polish Commercial Companies Code from September 15th, 2000 (CCC). It is necessary to determine under the new article 202 § 6 of CCC e.g. to whom the resignation is adressed, what is the legal nature of the constituted legal premises of such, whether it is possieble to apply de minimis rule and some others. The Authors described the new regulation basing on the concept of legal condition (conditio iuris) and therefore proposed some solutions to the above problems. This subject matter of the paper is strongly important from the practical perspective. The legal analysis was preapered on the basis of a linguistic and comparative method of interpretation.
Artykuł przedstawia ewolucję Parlamentu Europejskiego od początku jego kształtowania się jako instytucji Unii Europejskiej. PE zaczął się tworzyć już w 1949 r. na sku- tek przemian jakie następowały w wyniku powstawania Europejskich Wspólnot. Jego pierwowzorem było Zgromadzenie Konsultacyjne Rady Europy, które zostało powołane w 1949 r. Ponadto, jego początków upatruje się w Traktacie Paryskim z 18 kwietnia 1951 r., na mocy którego powstała Europejska Wspólnota Węgla i Stali. Status deputowanych do Parlamentu Europejskiego wyznaczony jest mocą postanowień, Decyzji Rady Unii Europejskiej dotyczącej wyboru członków Parlamentu Europejskiego w powszechnych wyborach bezpośrednich (76/787/EWWiS, EWG, Euratom), Protokołem w sprawie przywilejów i immunitetów Wspólnot Europejskich, Regulaminem Parlamentu Europejskiego oraz Decyzją Parlamentu Europejskiego w sprawie przyjęcia statusu posła do Parlamentu Europejskiego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie przemian, jakie od początku tworzenia się PE, następowały w ustawodawstwie UE, w odniesieniu do samego PE, oraz jak ustawodawstwo to ukształtowało mandat jego członków. Podstawową tezą przedmiotowego artykułu jest, jak wyglądał proces ewolucji PE na przestrzeni lat, jak zmieniała się jego pozycja w systemie instytucjonalnym UE oraz jak z biegiem lat regulowano kwestię mandatu i statusu jego deputowanych. Artykuł stanowi o ewolucyjnej pozycji ustrojowej PE oraz statusie jego członków. Analiza dotyczy kilku wybranych problemów związanych z kształtowaniem się w ustawodawstwie UE, instytucji wolnego mandatu posła do PE, na przestrzeni lat.
EN
The article presents the evolution of the mandate of a Member of Parliament from the beginning of its development as an institution of the European Union. PE began to take shape already in 1949 due to the changes that followed as a result of the formation of the European Communities.It is believed that, its benchmark was a Consultation Assembly of the Council of Europe which was brought into being in 1949. Moreover, its beginnings can be associated with Paris Treaty signed on 18 April 1951. Under this treaty the European Union of Coal and Steel was created. European Parliament Deputies` status was assigned by the Decision of Council of the European Union concerning an election of members of the European Parliament in general elections (76/787/EWWiS, EWG, Euratom), Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Communities, the Regulations of the European Parliament and the European Parliament decision on the adoption of the status of Members of the European Parliament. The purpose of this article is to show the changes that have since the beginning of the formation of the EP followed in EU legislation, in relation to the EP and how legislation is shaped mandate of its members. The basic thesis of this article is how the process of evolution PE over the years, has changed its position in the EU institutional system, and how over the years, regulated the issue of the mandate and status of its deputies. The article is also of evolutionary political position of the EP and the status of its members. The analysis, applicable to several common problems associated with the evolution of EU legislation, the institution of free mandate of MEP over the years.
The article aims at a legal-administrative analysis of the position of the city council. The thesis describes how a city councillor has been elected and obtained a mandate, as well as the cases in which the mandate is suspended or terminated. The article deals with the duties and powers of the councillor. It discusses prohibitions and restrictions imposed on a city council in the exercise of its functions.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu prawno-administracyjną analizę pozycji radnego. W pracy przedstawiony został sposób wyboru oraz nabycia mandatu przez radnego, a także przypadki, w których mandat ulega zawieszeniu lub wygaśnięciu. W artykule dokonana została analiza obowiązków oraz uprawnień, które posiada radny. Omówione zostały zakazy i ograniczenia dotyczące radnego w związku z wykonywaną przez niego funkcją.
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