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EN
This article is the first comprehensive overview of the criminal regulations of the first Statute of Mazovia, which was announced by Prince Siemowit III of Masovia on April 27, 1377 in Sochaczew. The authoress examines 11 criminal laws, which cover more than half of the act. The article presents the legal and penal regulations concerning: the conditions of taking revenge, villainy (robbery and persistent thievery), broadly defined rape on a person, the amount of were-gild for murdering a Włodyka (a representative of lower knighthood) and a well-to-do peasant, complicity, the defamation of people of high rank (ie. the rebuke of nobility), the requirements on which one can exonerate themselves in court, as well as the amount of compensatory damages for beating or wounding a well-to-do peasant. While discussing specific legal articles, the authoress explains the basic notions concerning mazovian criminal law both substantive and procedural, in particular: the penalty of proscription, a vendetta, the penalty of infamy, the rebuke of nobility, exoneration, were-gild and punitive damages. At the same time, the article presents the issue of the death penalty and confiscation of one's property, which were the most severe penalties for convicted criminals. The article concludes with the summary of the conducted research.
EN
The aim of the article to present the role of analysing the manner of generating fingermarks in the investigative proceedings. These examinations are based on the analysis of the location of the marks on a given background and aim at providing the requesting party additional information about the circumstances of the investigated incident. The Author refers to two unusual cases, in which Voivodeship Police Command Forensic Laboratory issued expert opinions in the area of fingerprint identification. In the first case, at the initial stage of the proceedings the circumstances and recovered evidential fingermarks indicated a fatal accident or manslaughter by means of a firearm. In the other case at the preliminary stage recovered evidence did not allow identification of the perpetrator due to incorrectly selected exhibits. These cases would not be off special interest to us without the significant role of proper recovering of fingermarks and their analysis in a broader context than just identification.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie roli badań w zakresie mechanizmu powstania śladów daktyloskopijnych dla prowadzonych postępowań. Badania te bazują na analizie usytuowania śladów na badanym podłożu, czego efektem jest dostarczenie zleceniodawcy dodatkowych informacji na temat okoliczności analizowanego zdarzenia. W treści przywołano dwie nietypowe sprawy, w których w Laboratorium Kryminalistycznym Komendy Wojewódzkiej Policji w Łodzi wydano opinie z zakresu badań daktyloskopijnych. W pierwszym przypadku we wstępnym etapie postępowania okoliczności sprawy oraz zabezpieczony materiał dowodowy w postaci śladów daktyloskopijnych wskazywały na śmiertelny nieszczęśliwy wypadek bądź zabójstwo przy użyciu broni palnej. W drugim przypadku zabezpieczony materiał dowodowy we wstępnym etapie badań nie pozwalał na zidentyfikowanie sprawcy zabójstwa z uwagi na źle wytypowany materiał badawczy. Przypadki te nie byłyby interesujące, gdyby nie wskazano na znaczącą rolę prawidłowego zabezpieczenia śladów daktyloskopijnych oraz ich analizę w szerszym kontekście aniżeli tylko badania identyfikacyjne.
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