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EN
This article presents the history of the Liga Morska i Rzeczna during its 99 years of activties promoting the idea of a marine Poland. The task of this organization is the broadly understood concept of development which is to be achieved by development of the principles of the organization of ports, shipping, universal maritime terminology, the development of shipping, the construction of the waterway system in Poland, the training of personnel and the promotion of shipping and maritime sports in Polish society. In addition, the text describes the various types of activities of Liga Morska i Rzeczna, such as launching publications related to maritime issues, creating plans for the construction of the port of Gdynia, the Naval Yard and the expansion of the city of Gdynia, collecting money for ship construction and promotional activities. The article also includes the relationship between the actions of Liga Morska i Rzeczna and the expansion of the Polish Navy. The conclusion mentions an exhibition organized by the Library of the Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia which will travel throughout Poland over the next two years.
EN
The article is inspired by a theoretical and practical discussion on whether the Polish concept of civil maritime education is equal to global sail training movement which took place during the conference “Education and Adventure”, which took place on 16th–17th October 2014 in Jedlnia Letnisko, Poland. I describe the origins of sail training movement and three most characteristic Polish projects: Class Afloat of Krzysztof Baranowski; Blue School and Class Afloat of Education Under Sails Association in the context of sail training and civil maritime education as a theoretical voice in Polish discussion.
EN
Sustainable development of the Baltic Sea region cannot be imagined without the continuous improvement of the quality of higher education. Maritime and ecological education takes a special role in the development of this region. Shipping has always had a significant impact on the environmental safety of the Baltic Sea. Safe and reliable operation of a ship’s equipment allows to minimize pollution from ships. The electronic educational resource TotDesigner has been developed for simulator training of marine engineers and bachelor students in the sphere of engineering. This resource allows for the study of the principles of operation, as well as, the design of machines and devices used in maritime and coastal engineering. Through the use of TotDesigner it is also possible to solve various operational tasks. The TotDesigner system may be used in lectures, and in laboratory and practical exercises to consolidate theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The next step in the development of the software is to use mathematical modeling to predict the working modes of the ship’s refrigeration plant. The implementation of this idea will improve the quality of a bachelor student’s scientific-research competence formation in the sphere of engineering.
EN
Formation of scientific-pedagogical and general pedagogic basis for maritime education in the XVIII century is described scarcely in the works of educationalists. There was made an attempt to point out those aspects of general trends in education, which influenced most of all maritime education and training. In this article the author provides detailed analysis of the heritage of researchers, state officials and military commanders of the second half of the XVIII century in terms of their influence onto establishment, development and evolution of maritime education system. The contribution of N. Kurhanov, M. Lomonosov, L. Eiler, A. Shyshkov, I. Betskyi was alalised. The article reveals their input into the development of home maritime education. In the XVIII century there took place the establishment of maritime education both at legislation level and at the level of institutions – there emerged a set of educational establishments to train seafarers; maritime science took its start in those times. Comparative analysis of major scientific works of the century gives the possibility to state that the number of works done by Russian authors – academicians, professors, marine officers, heads and teachers of maritime schools – grew. A great number of textbooks of mathematics, mechanics, astronomy and related sciences as well as special subjects – navigation, nautical cartography, rigging – were written in this period. Gradually there had happened a shift in teaching from “question-answer” mode to declarative teaching at high scientific level. At the same time, it should be noted that teaching process in Maritime education institutions was held by professional seafarers, mainly of military navy, as it was the demand of the time on the one hand and on the other – the only way to train really competitive maritime professional for rapidly growing Russian Navy. Nevertheless, no matter how rapid the growth was, a lot of textbooks used for education and training seafarers were translations from other European languages (mainly French, German and English). It was found out that the works of the XVIII century representatives formed the basis for the future rapid development of the maritime professionals’ training system.
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PL
The article is inspired by a theoretical and practical discussion on whether the Polish concept of civil maritime education is equal to global sail training movement which took place during the conference “Education and Adventure”, which took place on 16th–17th October 2014 in Jedlnia Letnisko, Poland. I describe the origins of sail training movement and three most characteristic Polish projects: Class Afloat of Krzysztof Baranowski; Blue School and Class Afloat of Education Under Sails Association in the context of sail training and civil maritime education as a theoretical voice in Polish discussion.
EN
In the presented article, we address the issue of gender inequality in the context of seafarer labor market. In particular, attention was paid to inequalities experienced by women in the first stages of their professional career, including a period of maritime apprenticeship held by female cadets of "maritime navigation" as a field of higher education studies. The analyzes presented here include diagnosis of specific problems faced by cadets during a period of apprenticeship, in the context of its cultural and social conditions. The results of the research induced the authors to suggest desired changes in the field of maritime higher education, which could in the future contribute to the easier entry of women into the maritime labor market and remain on it, due to more stable and transparent conditions for developing their professional careers.
PL
W prezentowanym artykule poruszamy zagadnienie nierówności pod względem płci w kontekście zatrudnienia na morzu. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na nierówności doświadczane przez kobiety na pierwszych etapach ich morskiej kariery zawodowej, w tym – w okresie realizacji zawodowych praktyk morskich przez studentki kierunku studiów „nawigacja morska”. Przedstawione analizy objęły m. in. diagnozę problemów, jakie napotykają kadetki, w kontekście ich kulturowych i społecznych uwarunkowań. Rezultaty przywoływanego badania skłoniły autorki do wskazania pożądanych zmian w zakresie edukacji wyższej adresowanej do kształcenia marynarzy, co mogłoby w przyszłości przyczynić się do łatwiejszego wchodzenia przez kobiety na morski rynek pracy oraz pozostawania na nim dzięki stabilnym i przejrzystym warunkom realizacji ich karier zawodowych.
PL
This article analyses the Polish maritime programme after the Second World War, as expressed in scholarship of two main Polish research institutions: the Baltic Institute and the Western Institute. Given the considerable border changes at the end of the war, which incorporated a long coastline and three major ports on the Baltic Sea (Danzig/Gdańsk, Stettin/Szczecin and Gdynia) into post-war Poland, the maritime programmes gained a new basis for operations in comparison to the interwar period, and thus had to be adapted accordingly. They contained both continuities and modifications: in ideological terms they were based on the prewar premises of Poland’s origins as a Baltic Sea country, and had a strong anti-German dimension. On the other hand, they were more pragmatic and concentrated on the organization of the maritime economy and education. Similarly as in the interwar period, they were also seen as a modernizing project: the maritime economy and education were supposed to connect the Polish nation with the whole world, and thus assure its equal status as part of the Western world.
EN
The article presents the ways of perceiving female seafarers that occur among the crews of sea-going vessels. To identify the conceptions of ‘being a woman on-board’, a phenomenographic research approach was applied. As the result, various ways of perceiv-ing female seafarers were identified. The results of the study may contribute to becoming aware of selected challenges which maritime education faces as well as refining educational practices within this field.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje sposoby postrzegania kobiet-marynarzy będących członkiniami załóg statków morskich. W celu identyfikacji koncepcji „bycia kobietą na pokładzie”, zastoso-wano fenomenograficzne podejście badawcze. W rezultacie autorki zidentyfikowały różne sposoby postrzegania kobiet-marynarzy. Wyniki badania mogą przyczynić się do uświado-mienia wybranych wyzwań stojących przed edukacją morską, a także udoskonalić praktyki edukacyjne w tym zakresie.
EN
This article describes the concept of maritime education implemented in the female scouting environment in the interwar period. To develop the topic, archival materials stored in the Archives of New Records, the Scouting Museum and the collections of the University Library of the Catholic University of Lublin and the Main Medical Library were used. In addition, valuable information was obtained from the resources of the scouting press, as well as thematic studies, particularly of memoirs. The analysis of the source materials indicates that the idea of maritime education was gradually implemented, initially as part of the activities of scouting circles in Vladivostok and then Wejherowo. From the second half of the 1920s, the boating movement-which had been initially associated with male scout teams from Poznań, Vilnius and Warsaw-was developed among girl scouts. In 1931, the troop of the 13th General Zamoyska Blue Team of Scouts in Poznań acquired a sailing character. At that time, the girl scouts started a series of specialised sea yachting training. In 1934, the scouts acquired an independent training yacht ‘Grażyna’. In the second half of the 1930s, independent women’s crews sailed in the Gulf of Gdańsk and the waters of the Baltic Sea. Maritime education was related to the maritime policy of the state. At that time, it was also based on the educational assumptions of scouting and was popularised in the scouting press. The most outstanding girl scouts specialising in women’s sailing were Jadwiga Skąpska-Truscoe, Jadwiga Wolffowa and Janina Bartkiewicz.  
PL
Artykuł prezentuje koncepcję wychowania morskiego realizowaną w środowisku harcerstwa żeńskiego w okresie międzywojennym. Do opracowania tematu wykorzystano materiały archiwalne przechowywane w Archiwum Akt Nowych, Muzeum Harcerstwa oraz w zbiorach Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej KUL i Głównej Biblioteki Lekarskiej. Ponadto cenne informacje pozyskano z zasobów prasy harcerskiej, a także opracowań tematycznych, zwłaszcza tych o charakterze wspomnieniowym. Analiza danych źródłowych wskazuje na stopniowe wdrażanie idei wychowania morskiego, które dokonało się początkowo w ramach działalności środowisk harcerskich we Władywostoku, a następnie w Wejherowie. Od drugiej połowy lat dwudziestych zauważalny stał się rozwój ruchu wodniackiego wśród harcerek, który związany był początkowo z drużynami męskimi z Poznania, Wilna i Warszawy. W 1931 r. zastęp XIII Błękitnej Drużyny Harcerek im. Gen. Zamoyskiej w Poznaniu uzyskał charakter żeglarski. Od tego czasu harcerki rozpoczęły serię szkoleń specjalistycznych na potrzeby jachtingu morskiego. W 1934 r. harcerki pozyskały samodzielny jacht szkoleniowy „Grażyna”. W drugiej połowie lat trzydziestych samodzielne załogi kobiece pływały po Zatoce Gdańskiej i wodach Bałtyku. Wychowanie morskie związane było z polityką morską państwa. Podlegało też w tym czasie założeniom wychowawczym harcerstwa i było popularyzowane na łamach prasy harcerskiej. Do najwybitniejszych postaci związanych z żeglarstwem kobiecym należały harcerki: Jadwiga Skąpska-Truscoe, Jadwiga Wolffowa, Janina Bartkiewicz.  
EN
One of the interests of maritime sociology beside the maritime professions, social maritime processes, seaside communities has been for decades maritime upbringing. The idea of maritime upbringing as well as the activities associated with it have been constantly transforming. The aim of the article is to specify the current ways of understanding the maritime upbringing and the rules of implementing this idea by teachers of various educational levels. The authors of the article present the results of their survey among teachers (quantitative research, questionnaire survey by post) employed in Westpomeranian schools. As it comes to more detailed research problems the authors make attempt to answer two questions: which forms of maritime upbringing are preferred by teachers and what functions in their opinion it should fulfil in the upbringing process. According to the research maritime upbringing is thought to be desired especially when incorporated in the process of building local identity.
PL
Jednym z wielu przedmiotów zainteresowania socjologii morskiej, obok ludzi morza, procesów związanych z morzem i lokalnych społeczności nadmorskich, jest od kilku dekad wychowanie morskie. Idea wychowania morskiego oraz działania z nią związane ulegają ciągłym przekształceniom. Celem artykułu jest określenie dzisiejszych sposobów rozumienia wychowania morskiego oraz zasad wprowadzania tej idei w życie przez nauczycieli różnych poziomów nauczania. Autorzy artykułu przedstawiają wyniki badań opinii nauczycieli (badania ilościowe, ankieta pocztowa) zatrudnionych w szkołach województwa zachodniopomorskiego. Starano się odpowiedzieć na dwa podstawowe pytania: jakie formy wychowania morskiego są preferowane przez nauczycieli oraz jakie funkcje powinno ono (ich zdaniem) pełnić w procesie wychowawczym. Zdaniem respondentów wychowanie morskie jest czymś pożądanym, szczególnie jeśli zostanie wpisane w proces budowania tożsamości regionalnej.
PL
Wychowanie morskie jest kategorią używaną przez socjologów morskich przynajmniej od półwiecza. Na wstępie autorzy podejmują próbę zrekonstruowania idei wychowania morskiego, która pojawiła się po II wojnie światowej. Następnie odnoszą się do wychowania morskiego i edukacji morskiej jako zagadnień podejmowanych w czasie transformacji, jak również do obecnego rozumienia i dróg realizowania wychowania morskiego w Polsce i poza jej granicami. Autorzy przeprowadzili wstępne badania wśród zachodniopomorskich nauczycieli, by dowiedzieć się, jaki jest: zakres, znaczenie i formy wychowania morskiego praktykowanego współcześnie na polskim wybrzeżu. Opisują oni rezultaty, koncentrując się na formach i celach wychowania morskiego, a także perspektywach rozwoju regionu.
EN
Maritime upbringing is the category used by maritime sociologists at least for half a century. At first the authors take an attempt to reconstruct the idea of maritime upbringing which emerged after the Second World War. Next they refer to the idea of maritime upbringing and education discussed during the transformation and then to the current understanding and ways of implementing it in Poland and abroad. The authors conducted an introductory research project among Polish Westpomeranian teachers to find out about the scope, significance and forms of maritime upbringing realized these days in Polish seaside areas. They elaborate on the results concentrating on forms and goals of maritime upbringing as well as the prospects for the seaside region development.
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