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EU Citizens or Eastern European Labour Migrants? The Peculiar Case of Central Eastern Europeans in Britain

100%
Ciupijus Z.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
|
2012
|
issue 2.3(20.3)
29-46
EN
The text is developed on the basis of the research conducted among immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). Based on the interviews with immigrants the author tries to reconstruct the reception of immigrants by the host society indicated by the degree of access to tangible and symbolic goods (e.g. work, social protection, prestige, etc.) The Schengen Agreement introduced free movement of people between most but not all states of the European Union. Depending on the country of origin, it resulted in differentiation between migrants who can move freely and those who are denied such unrestricted movement across the EU. Such divide can be seen not only in the sphere of freedom of movement but also in the sphere of awarding and not awarding individuals with certain goods and privileges.
2

The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market: The example of Poland

75%
Matsuieva J.
Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review
|
2017
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vol. 23
|
issue 4
251 - 260
EN
In this paper has been done a review of the existing situation on European pharmaceutical market. It was found that the Polish pharmaceutical market is quite different from other countries of the European Union. The share of generic medicines in Poland is the highest in the European Union. Quantitatively about 85% of the pharmaceutical market is composed of generic drugs. The social role of generics is expressed in their accessibility, affordable price, diversity and security for the most vulnerable part of the population — people with various health problems. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of generic medicines in both saving of the state’s budgets and the rational use of public finances.
3

Some Deficiencies Within the WTO System

51%
Żołądkiewicz K.
Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia
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2012
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vol. 10
|
issue 1
78-88
EN
The World Trade Organization (WTO), an international organization established in 1995, plays a special role of the global rules-based anchor that makes trade relations fairer and predictable. One of the challenges confronting WTO is to enhance liberal trade policies. Governments recognised the importance of trade liberalisation as a means to economic growth and progress. Open markets, non-discrimination, and transparency in international trade are essential to foster world economy through trade on the basis of global competitiveness. Thus, respecting various aspects of the multilateral trade disciplines is indispensable to boost trade and to support development strategy of the world economy. Global economic crisis revealed however, a number of major deficiencies within the WTO system. Among some significant weaknesses drawing an attention are: difficulties to resist protectionist pressures, the issue of efficiency of the WTO system for the actual "traders", and the issue of universal membership. The purpose of the paper is to discuss these potential dangers as there is a need for increased vigilance to support the WTO system fulfilling its objectives. In general, deficiencies of the WTO system require members to work together to ensure its strength and vibrancy to adapt and adjust to existing and emerging trade priorities, especially in the context of the paralysis in the negotiating functions of the WTO (fears about unsuccessful conclusion of the Doha Round).
4
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Kategoria korzyści jako przesłanka oceny ekwiwalentności świadczeń w stosowaniu art. 15 ust. 1 pkt 4 uznk

45%
Banasiński C.
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
|
2013
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vol. 2
|
issue 2
63-71
PL
Autor zwraca uwagę na konieczność podejścia ekonomicznego w stosowaniu art. 15 ust. 1 pkt 4 uznk. Istotą wykładni tego przepisu nie może być wyłącznie prawna analiza pojęć tworzących przepis art. 15 ust. 1 pkt 4 uznk i jego literalne brzmienie; interpretacja tego przepisu powinna odnieść się także do rynkowych aspektów jego stosowania. Instrumentem oceny ekwiwalentności świadczeń w ramach kontraktów zawieranych przez sklepy wielkopowierzchniowe z ich dostawcami powinna być kategoria korzyści. Kategoria korzyści jest o tyle istotna, że dopuszczalne jest pobieranie od dostawców szeroko rozumianych tzw. opłat półkowych, jeśli możliwe jest wykazanie, że dostawcy uzyskują wymierną korzyść za płaconą cenę. Ratio legis tego przepisu w żadnym wypadku nie da się bowiem sprowadzić do nakazu wyeliminowania innych umów (których przedmiotem są np. usługi przewozu towarów, usługi marketingowe, usługi doradztwa czy usługi logistyczne), poza umowami dotyczącymi przyjęcia towaru do sprzedaży. Analiza ekwiwalentności świadczeń powinna uwzględniać nie tylko porównanie kosztów poniesionych przez odbiorcę na akcję reklamową z hipotetycznymi kosztami, które dostawca musiałby ponieść samodzielnie dla uzyskania porównywalnego poziomu sprzedaży swoich towarów, lecz także powinna uwzględniać korzyści niemożliwe do oszacowania w kategoriach ilościowych, jak np. możliwość kontynuowania współpracy dostawcy z siecią wielkopowierzchniową w przyszłości. Koncepcja oceny korzyści dostawców oraz odbiorców towarów w analizie powiązań kontraktowych na tle art. 15 ust. 1 pkt 4 uznk umożliwia realną, rynkową ocenę ekwiwalentności świadczeń.
EN
Emphasized here is the need to use an economic approach to the application of Article 15(1)(4) of the Combating Unfair Competition Act. A legal analysis of the terms used therein and its literal wording cannot form the only basis of its interpretation which should also include market aspects of its application. The notion of benefits should be used as a instruments to assess ‘equivalence of benefits’ under contracts concluded by large-format stores with their suppliers. The concept of benefits is important because it is acceptable to collect slotting fees if it is possible to prove that suppliers gain a measurable benefit for the fee they pay. The ratio legis of Artile 15(1)(4) of the Combating Unfair Competition Act can under no circumstances be brought down to the order to eliminate agreements other than those on the acceptance of goods for sale such as those on goods transport or on marketing, consulting or logistic services. The analysis of equivalence of benefits should therefore include not only a simple comparison of costs borne by a retail chain on an advertising campaign with the hypothetical costs that a supplier would have to bear if it was to conduct it on its own to achieve a comparative sales volume. Considered in such an analysis should also be benefits impossible to estimate in terms of quantity such as, for example, possible future cooperation between the supplier and a large-format retail chain. Assessing respective benefits for suppliers and recipients of goods within the analysis of their contract relations in light of Article 15(1)(4) of the Combating Unfair Competition Act makes it possible to arrive at a realistic market evaluation of equivalence of benefits.
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