Research background: The value of the property can be determined on an individual or mass basis. There are a number of situations in which uniform and relatively fast results obtained by means of mass valuation undoubtedly outweigh the advantages of the individual approach. In literature and practice there are a number of different types of models of mass valuation of real estate. For some of them it is postulated or required to group the valued properties into homogeneous subset due to various criteria. One such model is Szczecin Algorithm of Real Estate Mass Appraisal (SAREMA). When using this algorithm, the area to be valued should be divided into the so-called location attractiveness areas (LAZ). Such division can be made in many ways. Regardless of the method of clustering, its result should be assessed, depending on the degree of implementation of the adopted criterion of division quality. A better division of real estate will translate into more accurate valuation results. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to present an application of hierarchical clustering with a spatial constraints algorithm for the creation of LAZ. This method requires the specification of spatial weight matrix to carry out the clustering process. Due to the fact that such a matrix can be specified in a number of ways, the impact of the proposed types of matrices on the clustering process will be described. A modified measure of information entropy will be used to assess the clustering results. Methods: The article utilises the algorithm of agglomerative clustering, which takes into account spatial constraints, which is particularly important in the context of real estate valuation. Homogeneity of clusters will be determined with the means of information entropy. Findings & Value added: The main achievements of the study will be to assess whether the type of the distance matrix has a significant impact on the clustering of properties under valuation.
The article presents a method for developing geographically weighted regression models for analyzing real estate market transaction prices and evaluating the effect of selected property attributes on the prices and value of real estate. The property attributes were evaluated on a grading scale to determine the relative (percentage) indicators characterizing the relationships on the real estate market. The market data were analyzed to evaluate the influence of infrastructure availability on the prices of land in Olsztyn. The results were used to assess the effect of every utility service on the property transaction prices.
The analysis of employment structure is a very important issue in the companies and it is connected with many factors in the company and on the market. An interesting issue is whether labour efficiency affects economic and financial performance of the company and the whole market. In the case of any statistical regularities concerning this issue it is necessary to allow for the variables related to employment, e.g. in the analyses of listed companies. It is a particularly important matter in Poland where the ownership transformations and transition to market economy have resulted in major changes in employment in individual companies. The main goal of the paper is an analysis of the structure of companies by their group labour productivity in homogenous groups of listed companies, the so called megasectors, in relation to their economic and financial condition. The study refers to the period of 2000-2003 and includes 73 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
The paper focuses on the issue of the agricultural potential of Polish voivodships in the context of sustainable development. The overall objective is to measure the potential of individual voivodship markets in 2005 and 2015 and to identify those voivodships where the development potential is the biggest, based on the changes that took place over the decade between 2005 and 2015. The authors examined the agricultural potential of individual voivodships, concentrating not only on the agricultural land resources and quality, but also on the supporting infrastructure and socio-demographic factors in the environment of this property market segment. Detailed analyses covered 7 groups of diagnostic variables: geodesic areas, agricultural land, demographic variables, population incomes, agricultural production, ecology and infrastructure. The data came from the Central Statistical Office of Poland. The authors ranked the voivodships by means of a synthetic measure which took into account the groups of variables that characterized the phenomenon under study.
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Artykuł poświęcono problematyce potencjału rolniczego polskich województw w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju, za cel główny stawiając ocenę potencjału poszczególnych rynków wojewódzkich w latach 2005 oraz 2015 i wskazanie tych województw, w których potencjał rozwojowy jest najwyższy, uwzględniając zmiany w okresie dziecięciu lat. W artykule badano potencjał rolniczy poszczególnych województw, koncentrując się nie tylko na zasobach ziemi rolniczej i jej jakości oraz infrastrukturze towarzyszącej, ale również na czynnikach społeczno-demograficznych otoczenia tego segmentu rynku — szczegółowym analizom poddano 7 grup zmiennych diagnostycznych: powierzchnie geodezyjne, użytki rolne, zmienne demograficzne, dochody ludności, produkcję rolniczą, ekologię, infrastrukturę. Dane do analiz pozyskano z zasobów GUS. W badaniach wykorzystano metodę porządkowanie województw za pomocą miary syntetycznej, uwzględniającej grupy zmiennych charakteryzujących badane zjawisko.
The worldwide air freight transport is seen mostly from the angle of long-distance passenger flights. Given that, one often tends to forget the role of this transport branch in the case of commodity transport. Air freight transport is a booming branch with great development potential. This, however, is related to considerable experience and knowledge, on the part of both the carrier and the owner of goods, with regards to technical capacities of a given aircraft, maintenance costs, and rule awareness. The objective of the study is to analyse the global market of air freight transport. In view of the vast scope of the subject, the issues were presented, to a large extent, on the basis of existing airports.
The main objective of this paper is to examine the dynamics of downward trends in the residential property prices exemplified by a medium-size city. A hypothesis is made that the dynamics of the decline of residential property prices in the times of crisis is much poorer in medium-size cities than in large urban agglomeration. The analysis deals with the West Pomeranian city of Koszalin with the population of 108,6 thousand. The study covers the quarters of 7 years between 2009 and 2015. The object of the study is a secondary market of residential property and cooperative ownership right to residential property. The analyses were conducted by means of mathematical statistics tools. The findings of the study on the residential property market in Koszalin are presented in reference to the data on residential property markets in 17 of Poland’s largest cities. The data come from the Register of Property Prices and Value of the Municipal Surveying and Cartographic Documentation Centre in Koszalin Center and from the Database of Residential Property Prices of the Polish National Bank.
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Publikację poświęcono problematyce rynku mieszkaniowego w okresie trwającej od 2009 r. dekoniunktury na rynku nieruchomości, w Polsce. Za cel główny pracy przyjęto zbadanie dynamiki spadku cen mieszkań na przykładzie wybranego miasta średniej wielkości, formułując hipotezę, iż dynamika spadku cen mieszkań w kryzysie, w mieście średniej wielkości jest niższa niż w dużych aglomeracjach. Do analiz w części aplikacyjnej opracowania wybrano liczące 108,6 tys. mieszkańców miasto Koszalin, zlokalizowane w województwie zachodniopomorskim. Zakresem czasowym badań objęto lata 2009–2015 — w ujęciu kwartalnym. Przedmiotem badań jest wtórny rynek nieruchomości mieszkaniowych obejmujący transakcje sprzedaży nieruchomości lokalowych oraz spółdzielczego własnościowego prawa do lokalu mieszkalnego. Analizy przeprowadzono przy wykorzystaniu narzędzi statystyki matematycznej. Uzyskane wyniki badań koszalińskiego rynku mieszkaniowego zaprezentowano na tle danych dotyczących rynków mieszkaniowych 17 największych miast w Polsce. Dane do badań pozyskano z Rejestru Cen i Wartości Nieruchomości (RCiWN ) Miejskiego Ośrodka Dokumentacji Geodezyjnej i Kartograficznej w Koszalinie, spółdzielni mieszkaniowych w Koszalinie oraz z Bazy cen nieruchomości mieszkaniowych (BaRN ) Narodowego Banku Polskiego.
Research background: The dynamics of the art market are usually presented in terms of price fluctuations, price indexes and financial returns. This paper proposes the value and volume approach, which has not been considered in an aggregative way for a long time in the economic literature. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to present changes in the global art market in the period 2002-2015. The results of dynamic analysis of the art market are presented, including two approaches: value of transactions and volume of transactions. The impact of the global crisis on the art market is considered. Methods: In order to present the changes on the global art market, statistical indexes of dynamics (single base and chain indexes) are used. Moreover, trend analyses have been conducted for the value and volume of transactions on the art market. The sources of data on the global art market are from Artprice, ArtTactic, and TEFAF (The European Fine Art Foundation). Findings & Value added: In the analysed period of 2002-2015, sales on the global art market generally increased. The value and volume of sales peaked in 2007 and 2014. The art market was considerably affected by the economic recession in 2009, but in the next year it recovered. The trend analyses allow the changes on the market to be described by means of mathematical functions, and the countries with the largest share in the global art market can be identified. Particular attention has been paid to the existence of a triad on the art market consisting of Europe, the USA and China. It is noteworthy that Europe and the USA have rapidly lost market share to China.
In the perspective of the ever-growing and evolving requirements of the modern customer, there is a justified need for the better, faster and highly personalized matching of marketing activities for him/her. This challenge becomes even more difficult to implement when the client is a business entity and the marketing activities concern the B2B market. The solution, or at least an alleviation of the problem, seems to be the tools of marketing automation. However their use requires specific competences of marketing employees and an awareness of the possibilities and limitations from managers. This article presents the results of a survey conducted in a group of 100 Polish B2B market companies, the purpose of which was to identify the level and scope of applicability of marketing automation tools, characterize their advancement and the typical approach to their maintenance and further development. In terms of solutions functionality, the results of this analysis were referred to the state of the American business market. The summaries prepared on the basis of the analysis results can help in mapping further research, as well as in preparing dedicated and specialized courses and training for Polish entrepreneurs.
The paper presents the results of the analysis of the development of the office space market in Bratislava. The chief objective of this paper is mainly to point out the development of the office real estate market in the capital of Slovakia in recent years and to present the current market situation.
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W artykule zaprezentowane wyniki analizy rozwoju rynku nieruchomości biurowych w Bratysławie. Głównym celem artykułu jest wskazanie kierunków rozwoju rynku powierzchni biurowych w stolicy Słowacji w ostatnich latach i przedstawienie bieżącej sytuacji rynkowej.
This article concerns the way bee products are perceived by customers. It is mainly focused on honey, which is considered the main output product of beekeeping. Beekeeping is a very popular activity in the Czech Republic. Based on current data there are over 48 thousand people engaged in beekeeping in the Czech Republic. Hand in hand with the increasing number of beekeepers the popularity of bee products - especially honey - among Czech consumers is also growing. Recently, the consumption of honey in the Czech Republic has been slightly increasing. A big problem today is that honey sold in Czech supermarkets is frequently falsified. At the same time, it is increasingly popular to buy honey directly from beekeepers. The aim of this research was to describe the situation about the honey market in the Czech Republic, and also to examine the relationship between consumers on the one hand, and honey/beekeepers on the other. We have also considered customer's trust in organic honey and honey sold in supermarket chains. Results show that consumers view bee products as generally healthy and prefer to buy bee products from a beekeeper because of greater convenience as locally sourced honey is perceived to be of higher quality. The majority of consumers agree with paying a higher price for a product of higher quality. The article confirmed the hypothesis that most people think that bee products sold by a beekeeper are healthier than those bought at ordinary shops.
In this article, analysis was conducted on companies involved in production and trade of information goods. The research offers insight into methods of conducting business in information goods sector, which involves intellectual products such as, video tutorials, templated 3d models etc. related to professional graphics software packages, in this case Adobe After Effects and Cinema 4d. The paper explores how firms make use of special economic strategies, as described by Varian and Shapiro, particularly useful for trade in intellectual property products. An attempt was carried out to establish a connection between the number of strategies used by companies, and the number of potential clients which determine the success of a company. For that purpose a proxy system was contrived. The YouTube search engine was used as a way of finding required companies.
The main aim of this article is to present and analyse changes in the global luxury goods market in the 21st century, with particular emphasis on the effects of the supply shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In the part devoted to the period before the pandemic, the following market trends will be described: the democratisation of luxury, brand consolidation process, the emergence of Generation Alpha, the evolution of masstige goods relied on fast-fashion processes, "Chinese bulimia", market ”retailization” processes, the growing importance of mono-brand stores, rejection of online sales by European brands, e-commerce development, and growing environmental awareness. The article’s part, dedicated to the period of the pandemic and the changes immediately after it, presents trends such as the emergence of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and gaming goods (metaverse gaming), the rebirth of the vintage market and secondhand stores, an increase in sales of casual goods, new multi-brand sales platforms, and the growing importance of local markets. The article is based on literature query and comparative analysis of industry reports prepared by Deloitte, Bain Company, and Luxe Digital.
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Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i analiza zmian na światowym rynku dóbr luksusowych mających miejsce w XXI wieku, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem skutków szoku podażowego wywołanego pandemią COVID-19. W części poświęconej okresowi przed pandemią COVID-19 zostały omówione takie trendy rynkowe jak: demokratyzacja luksusu, proces konsolidacji marek, pojawienie się kolejnych generacji klientów (ang. Generation Alpha), zaistnienie masowych dóbr luksusowych (ang. masstige) wraz z procesami fast-fashion, "chińska bulimia", "retailizacja" rynku i wzrost znaczenia sklepów monobrandowych, odrzucenie przez marki europejskie sprzedaży internetowej, wzrost znaczenia e-commerce oraz rosnąca świadomość ochrony środowiska. W części artykułu poświęconej okresowi pandemii i zmianom bezpośrednio po niej przedstawiono takie trendy jak: pojawienie się niewymiennych tokenów (NFTs) i towarów do gier (ang. metaverse gaming), odrodzenie się rynku vintage i sklepów z dobrami używanymi, wzrost sprzedaży dóbr typu casual, powstanie wielobrandowych platform sprzedażowych oraz wzrost znaczenia rynków lokalnych. Artykuł powstał na podstawie przeprowadzonej kwerendy literatury oraz przy wykorzystaniu analizy porównawczej raportów branżowych, przygotowanych przez firmy Deloitte, Bain Company oraz Luxe Digital.
The aim of this article is to present the characteristics of Polish timber market between year 2000 and 2020 as well as defining the changes in its structure. The theoretical part is based on compatible with the subject query of Polish and English subject literature. The empirical part was prepared on the basis of secondary statistical Data obtained from the Central Statistical Office, which were used to analyze the market. On the timber market in Poland, depending on the stage of production, all market structures are existing: monopoly in the field of raw materials, monopolistic competition on the wooden materials and semi-fabricants market as well as on the timber products market. There is a specific stability for the analysed market, regarding the volume of the demand, supply and price, in the period of the last two decades (except years 2007 and 2011), however it contributes to the correct functioning of the timber industry in Poland and creates favorable development conditions for the forest-based economy sector.
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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie charakterystyki elementów polskiego rynku drzewnego w latach 2000-2020 oraz określenie zmian zachodzących w jego strukturze. Część teoretyczna opiera się na zgodnej z tematyką kwerendzie polsko i anglojęzycznej literatury przedmiotu. Część empiryczna została sporządzona na podstawie statystycznych danych wtórnych z Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego, które posłużyły do analizy rynku. Na rynku drzewnym w Polsce zależnie od etapu produkcji stwierdza się występowanie wszystkich struktur rynkowych: monopol na rynku surowca drzewnego, konkurencję monopolistyczną na rynku materiałów i półfabrykatów drzewnych i na rynku wyrobów z drewna. Specyficzna dla analizowanego rynku jest stabilność wielkości popytu, podaży i ceny w okresie ostatnich dwóch dekad (z wyjątkiem 2007 i 2011 roku), która przyczynia się do prawidłowego funkcjonowania przemysłu drzewnego w Polsce i stwarza dogodne warunki dla rozwoju sektora leśno-drzewnego gospodarki.
Due to the aging of society, the authors have developed a concept of ICT platform aimed at increasing the activity of people at the retirement age. It is dedicated to members of local communities, can be used to support entrepreneurship, self-fulfillment and activation in the field of social life. In the article, based on quantitative and qualitative research, the key needs of users have been identified, and in their context, the concept of organization of the ICT platform for activating seniors has been presented.
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W związku ze starzeniem się społeczeństw opracowana została koncepcja platformy informatyczno-komunikacyjnej mającej na celu zwiększenie aktywności ludzi w wieku emerytalnym. Jest ona dedykowana członkom lokalnych społeczności, może być wykorzystywana do wspierania przedsiębiorczości, samorealizacji i aktywizacji na polu życia społecznego. W artykule, na podstawie badań jakościowych i ilościowych, zidentyfikowano kluczowe potrzeby użytkowników i w ich kontekście zaprezentowano koncepcję organizacji platformy informatycznej aktywizującej seniorów.
The main aim of this study was to diagnose the functioning of the Summer Wake Park Chełm Company in Żółtańce, which specializes in providing wakeboard services; the authors focused on using that kind of services by visitors. Research material was collected by using two techniques – categorized interview carried out with the owners of the company and questionnaires filled out by receivers of the product (N = 64) during the tourist season (2017). Respondents using the wake-board lift also used other services available in the Żółtańce reservoir complex (SUP – Stand Up Paddling, beach volleyball, swimming). The frequency of using wakeboard lift by the visitors in-dicates that it is an attractive and emotionally involving sport discipline. Functioning of ventures providing high-risk sports services is directed to the young people who are looking for thrills, have limited funds to spend on entertainment and are susceptible to multimedia marketing adver-tisements. Tourist and sports-and-recreation companies should follow the changing market trends, bearing in mind the fact that their generic structure will multiply in accordance with market needs.
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Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań opartych o analizę działalności przedsiębiorstwa Summer Wake Park Chełm w Żółtańcach, specjalizującego się w świadczeniu usług wakeboardingowych, w których szczególną uwagę zwrócono na aspekty wykorzystania tego zakresu oferty przez klien-tów. Materiał badawczy zgromadzono przy wykorzystaniu wywiadu skategoryzowanego, przeprowadzonego z właścicielami firmy, oraz ankiety konsumenckiej (N = 64) w sezonie turystycznym (2017). Respondenci, którzy korzystali z usług wyciągu wakeboardowego, byli także od-biorcami innej oferty dostępnej w kompleksie w Żółtańcach. Częstotliwość tej aktywności wskazuje, że jest to dyscyplina silnie angażująca emocjonalnie i jednocześnie atrakcyjna. Funkcjono-wanie przedsiębiorstw świadczących usługi sportów podwyższonego ryzyka jest ukierunkowane na ludzi młodych, poszukujących wrażeń, dysponujących ograniczonym funduszem konsumpcji swobodnej i podatnych na multimedialną agitację marketingową. Firmy turystyczne i sportowo-rekreacyjne powinny podążać za rynkowymi zmianami, pamiętając, że ich struktura rodzajowa będzie multiplikować zgodnie ze zmieniającymi się potrzebami rynkowymi.
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