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EN
Nikolai Novikov, an eighteenth-century Russian publisher and writer, started his publishing career in St. Petersburg with a series of short-lived satirical journals. In these journals, he expressedstrong religious feelings that were frequently mixed with patriotism. He found such patriotic religiosity unfulfilling and turned to the masons who he thought had answers. He found masonryimportant to the extent to which it agreed with Christian tenets. His faith deepened as the result of his prolonged illness which marked his spiritual rebirth.The article argues that in his essays and letters Novikov maintained that religion was a very important part of life, in fact, life’s foundation. In particular, education of the mind and the heart should be founded on Christianity religion.Masonry was very important in Novikov’s life, but because he believed that masonry should lead in the direction of Christianity, he remained Christian deeply committed to the dogmas and rites of the Orthodox church.
PL
Mikołaj Nowikow, XVIII-wieczny wydawca i pisarz rosyjski, rozpoczął swą działalność wydawniczą w Petersburgu serią krótkotrwałych pism satyrycznych. W pismach tych Nowikow dał wyraz swym silnym uczuciom religijnym, które często powiązane były z patriotyzmem. Owa patriotyczna religijność nie dawała mu poczucia spełnienia, zwrócił się zatem w stronę masonerii, która w jego odczuciu była odpowiedzią na poszukiwania religijne – w takim jednakże stopniu, do jakiego zgodna była z zasadami chrześcijańskimi.Niniejszy artykuł argumentuje, iż w swych esejach i listach Nowikow utrzymywał, że religia jest ważną częścią życia, a nawet jego fundamentem. W szczególności edukacja serca i myśli powinnawspierać się na zasadach chrześcijańskich.                               Chociaż masoneria była ważnym elementem w życiu Nowikowa, pozostał on do końca chrześcijaninem głęboko wierzącym w prawdziwość zasad i rytuałów Kościoła prawosławnego, ponieważuważał, że masoństwo powinno prowadzić w kierunku chrześcijaństwa.
EN
Bobrov is an important literary figure of the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century in Russia, although his work was not always appreciated in his times. Bobrov’s poetry is rich with different topics and moods; in his early poetry he wrote about the creation of the world, but on personal level he was preoccupied with the problem of death. After he moved to Crimea he wrote a book-long poem Taurida (1798) or later Chersonida (1804), which is a detailed and admiring description of Crimea’s nature and people and also included interesting theological reflections. His last and longest work is the epic poem, The ancient night of the universe or the wandering blind man (1807–1809) which is an allegory of humanity searching for truth and, at the same time, a search for truth of each individual person. Bobrov shows that such truth can only be found in Christ.
PL
Bobrow jest ważną postacią literacką końca XVIII i początku XIX wieku w Rosji, choć jego poezja nie zawsze była doceniana w jego czasach. Poezja Bobrowa jest bogata w różne tematy i nastroje; artysta we wczesnej poezji pisał o stworzeniu świata, a w kwestiach osobistych był szczególnie zainteresowany problemem śmierci. Po przeniesieniu się na Krym napisał dzieło Tauryda (1798), zatytułowane później Chersonida (1804), które jest poetyckim i pełnym podziwu opisem przyrody i obyczajów Krymu, a także zawiera interesujące rozważania teologiczne. Jego ostatnim i najdłuższym dziełem jest poemat epicki Starożytna noc wszechświata lub wędrujący ślepiec (1807–1809), który jest alegorią ludzkości poszukującej prawdy, a jednocześnie alegorią poszukiwania prawdy przez każdego człowieka. Bobrow pokazuje, że tę prawdę można znaleźć tylko w Chrystusie.
EN
Contemporary anti-masonic circles in Poland are noticeable on the political scene. There are numerous publications, both books and articles in right-wing magazines. Ideological schemas present in pre-war journalism of hostile freemasonry are still used. The situation in the Catholic Church is particularly interesting, especially in connection with the changes that take place in it from the Second Vatican Council, which is critically assessed by the Antimony community. Important elements in the anti-masonic discourse are issues related to globalization and the development of the European Union. Critics attribute these phenomena to the construction of the Masonic world government (New World Order).
EN
One of the most famous centers of stonemasons’ settlement in Poland is located in a small village Dębnik near Krakow, which from 1628 years belonged to the Monastery of the Discalced Carmelites in Czerna. Carmelites dealt with the administration, leasing stone mines, obtaining stonmasons and acquiring customers. The text examines the history of the stonemasons’ settlement under the management of the Discalced Carmelites from the beginning of the seventeenth century until 1953, the administration of craft workshops, management and relations between religious and stonemasons in different historical periods.
PL
Jeden z najsłynniejszych ośrodków kamieniarskich w Polsce jest położny w niewielkiej osadzie Dębnik niedaleko Krakowa, która od 1628 roku należała do klasztoru karmelitów bosych w Czernej. Karmelici zajmowali się administracją, dzierżawą łomów kamieniarskich, pozyskiwaniem kamieniarzy oraz zleceniodawców. W tekście omówiono dzieje osady kamieniarskiej pod zarządem karmelitów bosych od początku XVII wieku do roku 1953, sposób administrowania warsztatami rzemieślniczymi, zarządzania oraz relacje między zakonnikami a kamieniarzami w różnych okresach historycznych.
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Kamień w budowlach Wieliczki

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EN
Buildings are the evidence of a city’s wealth. Wieliczka achieved its economic significance through the production of salt. The medieval village famous for its salt production grew in status as it received its civic rights in 1290, after commisioning the first mine shafts. Rock salt became a source of wealth and soon it was reflected in the image of the city. Probably the first solid stone building was the seat of the emerging mine›s manager and the surrounding wall. The rock material for the construction had been already well recognized. Geizes and the Lgota sandstones of lamellar structure had already been used over 200 years before on the Wawel Hill. Rocks were readily available in the nearby Biskupice. Similarly, professionals – stonemasons. Probably, the assortment of rock increased with the beginning of the fourteenth century when the construction of the western wing of „The House within the Saltworks” was started. Then Istebna sandstones from Dobczyce in the form of hewn blocks and construction components got to Wieliczka. The city further increased its importance at the reign of King Casimir the Great. This is reflected in the solid rock material which was brought for the expansion of the Saltworks Castle. The rocky and thick-bedded Upper Jurassic limestone from Krzemionki, near Kraków, was then applied on a large scale. “The beneficiary” of the building material imported to Wieliczka was also St. Clement›s Church, rebuilt from the wooden construction. These rocks are probably in its foundations and, certainly, in its pedestal. The presence of the above mentioned limestones is reflected in the tower, in the fourteenth and fifteenth-century portals, in the modern reconstruction of the walls and in the Saltworks Kitchen. In subsequent alterations of the Castle these three types of rocks were constantly used. They are visible in the stonework of the Parish Church and the bell tower of the late seventeenth century. For more fine-grained sandstone work the Carpathian and the Pińczów limestone were used; the latter could have been used in the decoration of the Morsztyn family chapel. The church, which was rebuilt after being destroyed in the 1780s, lacks the former rich stone decorations. First of all, it is noted that there is only a small proportion of the Dębno marble, a rock which was very popular in churches in Małopolska Province. However, the floor was changed three times. Currently, it is made of marble and granite and sienites. After 1772, the salt production facilities had a significant impact on the appearance of the city. Crushed limestone and porphyry were imported on a large scale. The same gravel and later porphyry cube from Miękinia and granite from the Sudety Mountains were imported for the roads. Also the Istebna sandstone pebbles (“Rabka” stones) were used. As the role of the quarry in Dobczyce diminished, more and more sandstone from Droginia and other areas of the Subcarpathian region is imported to the city. These rocks were used both in private buildings and in industrial facilities, now gradually eliminated from the panorama of the city. Today, apart from imports from abroad, the most common rocks in the stonework of the city are: the Zalas porphyry, plate and rocky limestone probably from Nielepice, the Szydłowiec sandstone, the Pińczów limestone, granite from the Sudety Mountains, “the Kielce marbles” in a fairly narrow range and a wide range of the Carpathian sandstone.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie znaczeń i sensów wiązanych w różnych dyskursach z kamieniami Suwalszczyzny. Kamień to wszechobecny element suwalskiego pejzażu, postrzegany przez turystów i innych przybyszy z zewnątrz jako jego wyjątkowy wyróżnik. Autorka próbuje sprawdzić, czy ta wyjątkowość znajduje odzwierciedlenie w sposobie myślenia mieszkańców, czy postrzegają „swoje” kamienie pozytywnie, czy negatywnie? Druga część artykułu dotyczy wizerunku regionu prezentowanego w różnego rodzaju opracowaniach, na stronach internetowych i w innych publikacjach. Porównanie tych dwóch dyskursów – codziennego i odświętnego (skierowanego celowo na zewnątrz) pozwala pełniej rozpoznać miejsce, jakie zajmują kamienie w obrazie Suwalszczyzny.
EN
The main objective of this article is to present the way in which people from the Suwalki region perceive their coexistence with rocks, which are ubiquitous in the region and constitute a kind of its trademark. The first question is: how do local people perceive rocks, and how do they assess their presence? The second important question is how the rocks ft into the image of the region, created and distributed as a tourism product? Does their history contribute to the mysteriousness of the region which permeates touristic narratives?
EN
Aleksandr Koval’kov was a 19th century civil servant who was keenly interested in theological issues and he expressed his views in the four books he published. His beliefs are summarized in the statement that true Christianity lies in inner conversion, pure love, true faith, and repentance. He described arduous and lengthy path to spiritual rebirth. Although he strongly emphasized the inner life of faith, he also found place in spiritual life for the church, its tradition, and its rites. Human reason in his view has a negative impact on man since it only leads to the fall by inciting pride. In trying to find theological foundations for his spirituality, Koval’kov turned to masonry by trying to make Christianity in the masonic image.
PL
Alexander Kowalkow - urzędnik w XIX-wiecznej Rosji - był bardzo zainteresowany zagadnieniami teologicznymi i wyraził swoje poglądy w czterech wydanych przez niego książkach. Jego przekonania zostały podsumowane w twierdzeniu, że prawdziwe Chrześcijaństwo polega na wewnętrznym nawróceniu, czystej miłości, prawdziwej wierze i pokucie. Opisał trudną i długą drogę do duchowego odrodzenia. Chociaż mocno podkreślał wewnętrzne życie wiary, znalazł także miejsce w życiu duchowym dla Kościoła, jego tradycji i obrzędów. Jego zdaniem ludzki umysł negatywnie wpływa na osobę, ponieważ doprowadził ją tylko do upadku. Próbując znaleźć podstawy teologiczne dla swojej duchowości, Kowalkow zwrócił się ku masonerii, próbując nadać Chrześcijaństwu obraz masoński.
RU
Александр Ковальков был государственным чиновником в XIX в. в России, который очень интересовался богословскими вопросами, и выразил свои взгляды в четырех опубликованных им книгах. Его убеждения обобщены в утверждении, что истинное христианство заключается во внутреннем обращении, чистой любви, истинной вере и покаянии. Он описал трудный и продолжительный путь к духовному возрождению. Хотя он сильно подчеркивал внутреннюю жизнь веры, он также нашел место в духовной жизни для церкви, ее традиции и ее обрядов. Человеческий разум, по его мнению, отрицательно влияет на человека, поскольку он только привел к падению. Пытаясь найти богословские основы для своей духовности, Ковальков обратился к масонству, пытаясь сделать христианство в масонском образе.
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Through three capital questions, this short essay tries to offer a general panorama and a better understanding of the proteiform complex body or Masonry. Through by a multi-level hermeneutic, this study get the ambition to be comprehensible both to Readers who are not used to this kind of literature and to the ones advanced and skilled in symbolic thought. The main important conclusion owes the quality of the symbolic level, which is the property to refuse a single interpretation: notwithstanding, this does not prevent from a clear historical and political evaluation of the phenomena under analysis, according the methodologies of social sciences. This political evaluability drives to the main valuable output of the essay, which concerns the anthropological statement that the logical label of Masonry, with this name or many others, it exists since always. Under the category of initiatory institution, we may consider the step between individual and society, and a society inside a larger one. Evolving from the needs of the individuals to the ones of social groups, the matter joins to the land of political sciences. The sociological meaning can be posed under analytic view in reason of the functionalist meaning emerging from the alternative couples status-quo/emancipation and conservatism/progressivism. Through by this perspective, anyway the theme seems not to reveal much more, because this “proteiform complex body” manifest itself as something too much complex in its inner core to be considered in a way or in another. What remains is strictly symbolic, with some theological and eschatological points that refuse to be posed under restrain.
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