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Causes and main routes of the mass immigration to Europe in 2015

100%
Sobczyński M.
European Spatial Research and Policy
|
2019
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vol. 26
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issue 2
7-34
EN
The flow of immigrants into Europe is a phenomenon commonly known since the end of the Second World War. To a large extent it was the result of a colonial and then post-colonial relationship between metropolises and their overseas territories. Migration movements in Europe intensified after 1989 along with systemic changes in the eastern part of the continent. The phenomenon of increased migration to Europe observed since March 2015 combines both processes: economic migration, which undoubtedly dominates in terms of number, and exiles, of a much smaller scale, but given as the cause of migration by almost all migrants. A new phenomenon is the fact that a large part of migrants constitutes uncontrolled migration, which in previous years was marginal. In 2015, asylum applications were submitted in EU countries by as many as 1.25 million people. The influx of refugees to Europe has become not only a demographic phenomenon, but also a political one, evoking strong political emotions. Mass migrations also seem to be an instrument of international policy implementation by key world powers. The main purpose of the article was to present the background of the mass migration to Europe that took place in 2015. The main reasons for the decision to emigrate by the citizens of origin countries were shown, as well as the routes by which refugees flow into Europe.
2
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Dylematy polityki edukacyjnej w kontekście społeczeństw wielokulturowych

100%
Badowska M.
Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne
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2017
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vol. 30
EN
For several years, we have to deal with the increased influx of migrants to Europe. In accordance with the principles adopted in the European Union, each EU country is obliged to take measures and actions to facilitate the cultural and social integration of students with immigrant background in the new educational system. The article presents the current problems associated with mass migration to Europe, the dilemmas of educational policy and recommendations regarding the desired action in this regard.
3
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Border Surveillance Measures to Tackle and End the Migration Crisis in Hungary

100%
Balla J., Kui L.
Internal Security
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2018
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vol. 10(2)
163-176
EN
The protection of Hungary’s external Schengen border is a priority which affects both the security of our country and the whole Schengen Area. Border surveillance is considered safe if it can prevent unlawful acts and proceed against offenders. The implementation of the tasks requires special staff and technical readiness. In the framework of the border protection of our country, it is the Police’s basic task, but in case a state of crisis resulting from mass migration is declared, the Hungarian Defence Forces take part in it. Border surveillance is a constant activity which aims to prevent illegal state border crossings; due to this, its efficiency cannot be measured exclusively based on numerical data. Border surveillance is also effective if it ensures the apprehension of people illegally crossing state borders and if it prevents them from accomplishing that; thus, the ‘physical’ presence itself contributes to the task execution in a manner meeting the requirements. Continuity plays a decisive role from the point of view of border surveillance. Border surveillance shall be considered a component. Thus, the border surveillance system consists of successive system elements which do not go without each other. The border surveillance system is built on border policing strategies, it can be operated based on leadership decisions which shall be in accordance with the border surveillance principles as well. Similarly to the border surveillance system elements, border surveillance principles are those rules which have constant influence/effect on border surveillance/in the field of border surveillance, the practical implementation of which ensures state border surveillance which meets the requirements/is reliable; moreover, it enables the targeted application of the forces and tools available. The operability of the system can only be granted if the principles apply jointly.
4
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Rethinking the concept of failed state

88%
Szuhai I.
Central European Papers
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2015
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vol. 3
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issue 2
99-110
EN
This study summarises the history of failed state concept, the difficulties of a clear definition of failed state and the reasons why the categories of various linking expressions like weak, fragile, failing, collapsed states are mixing. 2015 remained a turbulent year of conflicts in the world, which drew attention on failed states. One of the symptoms of failed states is the form of forced migration when people leave their home due to intrastate armed conflicts, terrorist activities, brutal violation of human rights, poverty, lack of humanitarian aid and poor public services. The study outlines the connection with security and one of the biggest actual global phenomena, the mass refugee movements. That has become in the focus of the European discourse due to the humanitarian catastrophe in the Mediterranean. The current measurement of instable states is problematic which has strong impact on interventions and aid operations.
5
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International Migration Of Ukrainians

75%
Adamets T.
MIND Journal
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2017
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issue 3
1-13
EN
International migration is a global phenomenon that is growing in scope, complexity and impact. Migration is both a cause and effect of broader development processes and an intrinsic feature of our constantly globalizing world. While no substitute for development, migration can be a positive force for development when supported by the right set of policies. The rise in global mobility, the growing complexity of migratory patterns and its impact on countries, migrants, families and communities have all contributed to international migration becoming a priority for the international community. Labour migration, in the modern world, has undergone and continues undergoing serious evolution. In addition to regional migration, the flows have intensified in domestic and foreign labour market. It should be pointed out that, for migration processes the following factors are critical: progress in the field of transport, development of mechanization and aviation communications as well as modern systems of communication, media and information technology. A fundamental role in the formation of migration potential and its growth in Ukraine play, on the one hand, demographic phenomena, as well as increasing unemployment; on the other hand, significant changes in the global economy, the emergence and development of powerful economic centers of the modern manufacturing industries, the comprehensive development of the service sector. Political decisions to limit labour migration in Ukraine are unlikely to play a significant role in international relations. Neither restrictive measures nor development strategy as a whole will not be able to rein in international labour migration in the short term. Two strong factors contribute to the displacement of population. These factors include the spread of a global culture, the rise of international capital, goods and people. The world community must learn to live in the conditions of mass migration in the near future.
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