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Starostové, starostky a jejich priority

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EN
This article sets out to identify the factors that have an impact on mayoral decisions in terms of priorities for municipal development. Data from a survey conducted among Czech mayors in the years 2015 and 2016 (N = 492) are used. The sample consists of answers of mayors from municipalities of all population sizes and the sample is evenly distributed over the area of the Czech Republic. The main aim is to show the impact of geographical context, sociodemographic characteristics, and characteristics connected with political experience on mayors’ preferences for different mayoral agendas. The results of the analyses show that municipal size and the position of a municipality on the urban-suburban-rural gradient have a substantial effect on a mayor’s preference for different mayoral agendas. However, the influence of other observed characteristics cannot be overlooked either
EN
Social and cultural transitions are the starting point of our considerations. The growing role of women on the Italian labour market also determined linguistic discourse. The high point we would like to refer to is the municipal election in 2016 when in two metropolises, Rome and Turin, women (Virginia Raggi and Chiara Appendino) became mayors. A lot of doubts of linguistic nature appeared at that time. Interlocutors started to deliberate which forms are appropriate and should be used, and which would be depreciatory and regarded as a sign of discrimination. Theoretical frames of our debate are marked by lexicographical information and Italian linguists' opinions. Raggi’s and Appendino’s statements as well as words of people talking about them represent the practical part of the debate.
PL
Punktem wyjścia naszych rozważań są przemiany społeczne i kulturowe. Rosnąca rola kobiet na włoskim rynku pracy zdeterminowała również dyskurs lingwistyczny. Kulminacyjnym momentem, do którego pragniemy się odnieść, są wybory samorządowe w 2016 roku, kiedy to w dwóch metropoliach – Rzymie oraz Turynie, burmistrzami zostały kobiety: Virginia Raggi i Chiara Appendino. Pojawiły się wtedy liczne wątpliwości natury językowej. Interlokutorzy zaczęli zastanawiać się, które leksemy nazywające zajmowane przez nie stanowisko są stosowne i powinny być wykorzystywane, a których użycie jest dyskryminacyjne i deprecjonujące. Ramy teoretyczne naszych rozważań są wyznaczone przez informacje leksykograficzne oraz opinie włoskich językoznawców. Praktyczną część stanowią wypowiedzi Raggi i Appendino oraz osób o nich rozmawiających.
EN
The article discusses issues concerning the functioning of Kiejdany in the 17th century as represented in Piotr Kochlewski’s writings and his replies to the letters of the city’s mayor – Józef Zygmuntowicz. Kochlewski, who was a deputy in the private city of Krzysztof Radziwiłł, reported to his master on building of the Protestant community and a school, among others. He also responded to the allegations made by Zygmuntowicz, disagreeing with his position on such matters as land measurement, punishing townspeople and enforcement of Radziwiłł’s recommendations. He accused the mayor of ill-treatment of the citizens and manipulating public opinion; he also criticized the mayor’s self-serving attitude during a plague. The position in these disputable matters was also taken by Prince Krzysztof, who in a letter addressed to mayors of Kiejdany supported his governor.
EN
The article contents some results of research on political preferences of candidates for City Council in Szczecin. The survey was done just before the 2014 local elections. In the survey’s results published in this paper, the main object was to determine the relation of candidates for councilors to competition for the mayor of Szczecin. The analysis is focused on the issues of mayor’s potential attributes such as: previous achievements, personal competence, image, party affiliation and program for action in future. Moreover the concentration was also done on preferences of mayor’s candidates: it was very interesting to compare answers on the question who would be better mayor of Szczecin. In the research the modified Analytic Hierarchy Process methods was used. Firstly, the modification, called the method of weighting the selection preferences, showed Piotr Krzystek (mayor of Szczecin since 2006) as a most preferred pretender in 2014 - the majority of party electoral committees recognized him as a second choice candidate. Secondary, each electoral committee had disloyal followers.
EN
This paper analyses the political career of a key executive body in the Slovenian local self-government system – the mayor. The paper first introduces incumbency advantage theories. These theories argue that the probability of electoral victory or defeat is not homogeneously distributed among the candidates, as several factors influence the possibilities of success of some candidates and the failure of others (seniority, membership of political parties, electoral performance, etc). Based on an analysis of objective data and data from an empirical survey conducted among mayors of Slovenian municipalities, we look at the re-election of mayors in Slovenian local self-government with the emphasis on their seniority. We find that the re-election of mayors is a frequent occurrence in Slovenia and is a trend that is also increasing with every local election from 1998 onward.
EN
Local and regional government are complex organizations, operating under varying environmental conditions. Their functioning and development depend on factors both internal and external. Environment creates conditions in the form of development opportunities and threats. More and more business in the management and administration of less exclusively defined area. More and more thinking about demanding customer service that is citizen (voter) and less to treat him as an object of local government influence. Important in the process of building a decision (both for the policy and for the electorate) is appropriate communication. Building belief in the power and usefulness of the current regulations that constitute its presence is convinced of its usefulness and as such goes fitness for a particular time basis. Political communication is an appropriate platform for exchange between politicians and the public, the potential buyers of the product. It serves communication and competition between political parties which issues its product to the market policy. Political communication is not only one of the mechanisms of political marketing, but it is an important plane relationship between the government and the public, allowing both parties to the transaction on the political market to obtain the relevant information of interest and sellers. This is done in analogy to the economic market where clarity is precise acceptance of the offer by the fact of its acquisition or rejection. Marketing communication in professional services is an issue extremely important and unique (specific), as the basis for her client builds their expectations of intangible product that no communication could then be created. In other words, communication is carried out in a company providing services in order to realize the benefits as well as to attract new customers.
EN
The paper answers two basic questions: To what extent is tax policy an important item of the local political agenda in Polish municipalities ? Is it a subject of intense debates at city hall and local councils or is it accepted as a routine exercise ? The results suggest that the issues related to local taxes play a relatively marginal role compared to issues such as the location of major investments. However, the importance of taxes in local debates increases in those local communities in which the tax yields collected are larger and in the case of those taxes which are paid by a wider group of tax payers. Who governs in local tax-policy-making ? According to local provisions the proposal of tax resolution is submitted by the mayor, and the local council makes the final decision. But empirical findings suggest that the practice follows the “strong mayor” model, in which the local political leader, supporter by his staff of the financial department, is more influential than the councilors. Those questions are answered on the basis of field research conducted in 2014 in 36 Polish municipalities. The research methods included content analysis of minutes of local council meetings, as well as face-to-face survey and semi-structured in-depth interviews with over 100 mayors, chiefs of finance departments in city halls and councilors.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza czynników determinujących prawdopodobieństwo reelekcji wśród prezydentów polskich miast. Szacowane są parametry modelu dwumianowego w celu identyfikacji czynników wpływających na prawdopodobieństwo ponownego wyboru. Okazuje się, że mieszkańcy wysoko cenią wydatki dokonywane przez władze miasta w roku wyborczym, w tym przede wszystkim wydatki na gospodarkę mieszkaniową. Dużą szansę na reelekcję mają prezydenci miast dobrze pozyskujących środki z Unii Europejskiej, w których sytuacja na rynku pracy jest stabilna, a zamożność mieszkańców i firm (w porównaniu z początkiem kadencji) nie uległa pogorszeniu. Skuteczność ubiegania się o reelekcję jest wyższa w grupie miast wojewódzkich, a także należących w przeszłości do zaboru austriackiego, lub położonych na tzw. Ziemiach Odzyskanych. Zmienne z zakresu socjologii polityki okazały się mieć również istotny wpływ na analizowane prawdopodobieństwo.
EN
The aim of the paper is to analyze the factors determining the likelihood of reelection of Polish mayors. In order to identify the factors impacting the likelihood of reelection, the author estimates the parameters of the binomial model. The results show that spending in the election year, especially on housing, is greatly appreciated by the inhabitants of cities. The mayors who are very likely to be reelected are leaders of cities that are successful in acquiring EU funds, where the labour market is stable, and the material situation of inhabitants and businesses does not deteriorate during their term. Cities that are capitals of voivodeships offer a greater likelihood of reelection, as do those formerly in the Austrian partition or on the so-called Reclaimed Lands of Western Poland. Variables belonging to the domain of sociology of politics have an equally significant impact on the analyzed likelihood.
EN
For many years, there has been a discussion in the Polish parliament on the introduction of a limit on the number of terms of office for heads of villages, mayors and presidents. In 2018, the regulation was implemented by the Law and Justice party (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS). The aim of the article is to find out whether other political parties were also in favor of introducing the two-term limit. Two hypotheses were put forward. According to the first hypothesis, political parties were generally in favour of two-term limits and, according to the second hypothesis, local politicians affiliated with parties were also in favour, while non-party local politicians were sceptical about this change. The validity of the above assumptions was checked on the basis of an analysis of parliamentary work and anonymous interviews with local politicians.
EN
The subject of the article is an analysis of the possibility of holding the function of a commune head (mayor, city president) in the light of the generally applicable law in Poland by a person convicted of public prosecution with a fine.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza możliwości sprawowania funkcji wójta (burmistrza, prezydenta miasta) w świetle przepisów prawa powszechnie obowiązującego w Polsce przez osobę skazaną z oskarżenia publicznego na karę grzywny.
EN
The paper attempts to present and explain the determinants of electoral competition and results, thereby influencing local political landscapes after the 2014 local government elections. The primary determinants analyzed in the paper include: (1) changes introduced to local government electoral law; (2) the socio-political situation in Poland before the local government elections; and (3) the character of local political arenas. A study has been carried out which demonstrated that political parties have withdrawn from direct electoral competition at the local level. The municipalities examined evidence that numerous local government activists have perfected the skill of “political adaptation to evolving social sentiments. The changes introduced to the electoral law, in particular the implementation of the majority formula in the elections to municipal councils, have resulted in the following, among other things: (1) mayors and their direct political backgrounds have been additionally empoweredin the local system; (2) election results have become disproportionate; (3) individuals lacking institutional political support have been scarcely interested in taking part in the electoral competition; and (4) councilors have focused on the matters of their own respective constituencies in their work. The most influential factor in local government elections and, thereby decisive in shaping the local system of power is the mayor (president of the town).
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i wyjaśnienie czynników, które wpłynęły na strukturę rywalizacji wyborczej oraz wynik wyborów, a w konsekwencji lokalne sceny polityczne po wyborach samorządowych w 2014 roku. Wśród głównych analizowanych determinant są: 1) zmiany samorządowego prawa wyborczego; 2) sytuacja społeczno-polityczna w Polsce u progu wyborów samorządowych oraz 3) charakter lokalnych scen politycznych. Prowadzone badania uwidoczniły zjawisko wycofywania się partii politycznych z bezpośredniej rywalizacji wyborczej na szczeblu lokalnym. Przykłady badanych gmin wskazują, że wielu lokalnych działaczy samorządowych posiadło doskonałe umiejętności „politycznej adaptacji” do zmieniających się nastrojów społecznych. Natomiast konsekwencją zmian w prawie wyborczym, a zwłaszcza wprowadzenia formuły większościowej w wyborach do rad gmin, są m.in. 1) dodatkowe wzmocnienie pozycji burmistrza i jego bezpośredniego zaplecza politycznego w lokalnym systemie władzy; 2) dysproporcjonalność wyników wyborów; 3) niewielkie zainteresowanie bezpośrednim udziałem w rywalizacji wyborczej osób bez instytucjonalnego zaplecza politycznego oraz 4) koncentrowanie się radnych w swojej działalności na problemach własnego okręgu wyborczego. Czynnikiem w największym stopniu determinującym lokalne elekcje samorządowe, a w konsekwencji charakter i kształt lokalnego systemu władzy, jest osoba burmistrza (prezydenta miasta).
PL
Detaliczny handel napojami alkoholowymi jest prowadzony po uzyskaniu indywidualnego zezwolenia wójta gminy. Autor proponuje zmodyfikowanie w takich przypadkach trybu korzystania przez organ administracyjny z kompetencji do uznaniowego załatwiania sprawy indywidualnej. Kryteria wyboru wniosku o zezwolenie, który zostanie uwzględniony, powinny być podane do publicznej wiadomości przed wpłynięciem pierwszego wniosku. Proponowany jest również konkurs wniosków, przeprowadzany przez gminną komisję, mający zasadniczo zwiększyć przejrzystość procedury udzielania zezwolenia i ułatwić sądową kontrolę udzielonych zezwoleń. Dla adresata indywidualnego zezwolenia samorząd terytorialny jest zaledwie modelem demokratycznej metody obsadzania stanowisk organów, a nie gwarancją ochrony interesów prawnych jednostki. Dlatego powierzenie organowi samorządowemu kompetencji do wydawania uznaniowych decyzji w sprawach indywidualnych nie zwalnia ustawodawcy z obowiązku ochrony adresatów rozstrzygnięć uznaniowych przed arbitralnością organu samorządowego. W zewnętrznych stosunkach administracyjnoprawnych, w jakie wchodzą organy samorządu terytorialnego, w pełni aktualne jest negatywne domniemanie kompetencji, wyrażane syntetycznie hasłem „nic, czego prawo wyraźnie nie zezwoliło, nie jest organowi administracyjnemu dozwolone”.  
EN
Retail trade in alcoholic beverages may be carried out in Poland upon obtainment of an individual permit issued by the mayor of the respective municipality. The proposal presented in this paper is to modify the discretionary power of an administrative agency that issues such individualdecisions. The criteria for successful application should be made public before the very first application is submitted. For an applicant seeking an individual permit, a local self-government is nothing else but a model of democratic staffing of local public offices, not a safeguard of an individual’s legal interests. Therefore, entrusting a local self-government entity with the authority to issue discretionary decisions in individual cases does not relieve the parliament of the responsibility to protect the addressees of discretionary decisions against arbitrary choices by a local self-government authority. Every time a local self-government decides on public law duties and prerogatives of an individual whilst not-being a unit of public administration, a negative presumption of competence should apply that ‘nothing, not expressly permitted by law is allowed to be used by an administrative authority.’
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PL
Artykuł poświęcony został wyborom samorządowym w Legnicy w 2014 r., przedstawionym w kontekście bezpośredniej elekcji prezydenta miasta. Zaprezentowano sylwetki kandydatów na urząd, ich komitety i programy wyborcze, a także dokonano analizy przyjętych strategii. Omówiono postępującą profesjonalizację lokalnej kampanii wyborczej na przestrzeni ostatnich lat, czego odzwierciedleniem było m.in. zastosowanie nowoczesnych narzędzi i technik marketingowych przez większość z kandydatów. Przedstawiono wyniki głosowania oraz wskazano możliwe determinanty uzyskanych ocen przez pretendentów do urzędu
EN
The focus of this article is on the local elections in Legnica in 2014 shown in the context of direct voting for the mayor. It presents the candidates for the office, their committees and programs, as well as analysing the strategies adopted by them. The article describes the process of progressive professionalization of election campaigns in recent years, which manifests itself in the use of modern tools and marketing techniques by most candidates. The voting results are presented and their potential determinants are discussed.
EN
Te principle of direct election of mayors (presidents of cities) has been in force in Poland since 2002. At the same time, the idea of limiting the possibility of holding office for two terms has started. The analysis leads the author to the conclusion that in view of the laconic nature of the constitutional regulation of local elec­tions, such solution cannot be considered as contrary to the Constitution. The decision about who will act as the executive body of the commune should, however, belong to the inhabitants of the local government.
PL
W niniejszej publikacji przedstawiono specyfikę anglosaskiego modelu samorządu terytorialnego ze szczególnym podkreśleniem jego odrębności względem samorządów terytorialnych innych państw Unii Europejskiej. Autor przedstawił specyfikę rozwiązań prawnych odnoszących się do stolicy – Londynu. Podjęte rozważania dotyczą również przyczyn reform związanych z organizacją samorządu terytorialnego, które nastąpiły pod koniec XX w.
EN
Ths work shows specific character of anglo – saxon model of self government with particular emhasise of its distinguishing characteristic in comparison to selfgovenments of other EU Memberstates. The Author presented specific legal regulations existing in the capital of United Kingdom – the city of London. Presented analysis refers also to reasons of reforms of selfgovernments organization undertaken at the end of XX century.
EN
The local government in the Republic of Malta is a young institution which was established in 1993. Until 2019, Malta’s local government comprised one tier and its basis was the municipality. Since 2019, it has a two-tier structure and the units of territorial division are the region and the municipality. Even though successive local government reforms increased the powers of the local authorities, the scope of their tasks is not very extensive. A major problem is also the local government’s financial dependence on central authorities. Nonetheless, an analysis of changes introduced to date through successive amendments and reforms allows a conclusion that the actions which are undertaken mean changes in a good direction which will be continued.
EN
This article aims at showing the problem of alternation and continuation of power in the local government in Lower Silesia. It contains the analysis of the local elections of 2006, 2010 and 2014. After such an analysis, we get the answer to question if we can talk about oligarchy local government.
EN
In 2002 Poland introduced the principle of direct elections of executive bodies of municipalities. Currently there is a discussion regarding the possible limitation of holding this office to two terms. This article describes the legislative issues related to adoption of such a solution. The main part is devoted to the compliance of such a proposal with international standards, including the European Union law and the European Charter of Local Self-Government. Besides the author discusses national constitutional standards regarding election of local government bodies. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the proposed restriction is compatible with both all the above-mentioned legal orders.
PL
Przywództwo polityczne, także to na poziomie lokalnym, analizowane jest pod względem instytucjonalnym oraz indywidualnym. Czynniki instytucjonalne określają sposób wyłaniania i zakres kompetencji lidera lokalnego. Dopełnieniem są jego cechy indywidualne i określany na ich podstawie styl przywództwa. W polskiej gminie występuje prezydencki model przywództwa z silną pozycją lidera. Istnieje jednak zagrożenie destabilizacji pozycji organu wykonawczego w sytuacji wystąpienia koabitacji. Może to być pokojowe współrządzenie, kiedy to wójt, burmistrz albo prezydent miasta mimo braku większości w radzie bezpośrednio po wyborach uzyskuje wsparcie wystarczającej liczby radnych do zarządzania gminą. Koabitacja konfliktowa zachodzi zaś w sytuacji, gdy organowi wykonawczemu nie uda się doprowadzić do koalicji. Współistnienie władz gminnych wywodzących się z różnych obozów wystąpiło po wyborach 2014 r. w blisko 50% polskich gmin.
EN
The issue of political leadership is widely studied and described in the literature. It should be noted that this problem can be analyzed both at the institutional and the individual level. The institutional factors determine the way of selecting local leaders and the scope of their competence. The individual features, on the other hand, create a leadership style. Cities have a presidential system with a strong mayor. In the case of cohabitation, though, this system can be destabilized because, instead of peaceful institutional co-existence, the institutions may be in conflict. After the local elections of 2014, half of the Polish municipalities had to confront the problem of cohabitation. The aim of this paper is to present the question of local leadership in the context of cohabitation.
EN
The article presents the perception of local leadership based on empirical research carried out in 2014-2017 among mayors or their deputies, as well as councilors, residents (including journalists, entrepreneurs, scientists, representatives of non-governmental organizations). The first part shows the theoretical aspect of local leadership, the second indicates conditions in the function of mayor, and the third defines the characteristics required of a person holding this office.
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę przywództwa lokalnego w oparciu o badania empiryczne przeprowadzone w latach 2014-2017 wśród wójtów, burmistrzów, prezydentów miast albo ich zastępców, a także radnych, mieszkańców (w tym dziennikarzy, przedsiębiorców, naukowców, przedstawicieli organizacji pozarządowych). W pierwszej części ukazano teoretyczny aspekt przywództwa lokalnego, w drugiej wskazano na uwarunkowania w pełnieniu funkcji wójta (burmistrza, prezydenta miasta), a w trzeciej określono cechy, jakie powinna posiadać osoba pełniąca ten urząd.
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