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1
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Ethical dilemmas of aesthetic medicine: Between restorative medicine and the commercialisation of the body

100%
Wieczorkowska M.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 5
95-107
EN
Technological advances in medicine have given the sick and the disabled a chance of making a full recovery. However, contemporary trends show that medicine goes far beyond its restorative functions. The increasing popularity of plastic surgery raises many questions. Is medicine beginning a new era of its development as a response to the commercialisation of the human body? Does not correcting nature lead to people’s segregation into the better and the worse ones? The development of medical technologies has accelerated the commercialisation of the body by treating it as a package that one can “redecorate” to be more attractive in the market of social relations. Plastic surgery is trying to solve the identity crisis and psychological problems of people. New forms of medicalisation are emerging. A lack of success is seen as a symptom of a disease that can be cured with a scalpel. Plastic surgery can be a tool of reconstruction of one’s identity but only under strict circumstances (genetic defects, bodily injuries). By posturing as a solution to people’s psychological and sociological problems, medicine must reckon with a moral/ethical critique.
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Právo a medicína ve vztahu k mrtvým tělům (sebevrahů) na přelomu 18. a 19. století

100%
Liepoldová T.
Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)
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2019
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vol. 11
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issue 1
164-176
EN
This study is based on change of attitude of the state and medicine authorities to the voluntary death in the first half of the 19th century. Cooperation between medical professionals and state authorities in the Habsburg monarchy was increasing (for this process I use the concept of medicalization). I try to show how the legal system cooperated with expert medical science and consequently how the results of autopsies influenced the burial place for the body. Forensic medicine approaches were used to determine the cause of a suicide. Pathological findings (for example bone abrasions — especially in the brain, sedimentation in the skull, too much blood in various organs, adhesions etc.) were considered to be the cause of mental illness and as a result, the authorities tended to blame self-inflicted death on insanity. Based on findings from pathological examinations the state authorities decreed that a death body must be buried in sacred ground. Finally, I want to show this ‘shift’ to medicalization and secularisation of voluntary death (in opposition to the traditional attitude toward self-murder) on several specific cases in regions of Litoměřice and Mladá Boleslav in the Kingdom of Bohemia.
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Antropologia medyczna dzisiaj. Zarys problematyki i perspektywy teoretyczne

75%
Main I., Witeska-Młynarczyk A.
Lud
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2013
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vol. 97
87-109
EN
The article introduces contemporary medical anthropology. It describes the key concepts used by anthropologists to analyse practices related to health, sickness and healing. It examines the main approaches (interpretative approach, critical approach and cultural phenomenology) and follows the methodological trend of combining micro and macro levels in one analysis. The authors show both academic and applied aspects of the young subdiscipline. They examine contemporarily researched topics like: global health, medical tourism, medical trials or new medical technologies. They sketch a picture of an important and dynamically evolving area of anthropological research.
4
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Extra Medicinam Nulla Salus. Medicine as a Secular Religion

75%
Domaradzki J.
Polish Sociological Review
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2013
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vol. 181
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issue 1
21-38
EN
Ever since sociology emerged as a scientific discipline, its founding fathers have stressed that modernisation will result in secularisation. The belief in the ‘death of God’ as a sine qua non condition for social progress has also been prevalent during the past 100 years and has resulted in the popularity of the secularisation thesis. In contrast this paper argues that religion has not disappeared in the Western World but is being transformed. It is argued that modern medicine reflects the religious heritage of Western culture: its ideology, myths, dogmas, symbols, beliefs, rituals, practices, hopes and fears. Even more, it is a form of secular religion. The analysis is based on functional, phenomenological and cultural approaches toward religion. The paper focuses on three components of the religion of health: 1) its general structure; 2) the morality of health and 3) the Church of medicine.
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The Biomedical Model in Psychopathology. A Critical Historical Outline, Contemporary Context and Ethical Problems

63%
Stupak R.
Diametros
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2020
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vol. 17
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issue 66
18
EN
The article presents a critical historical outline and description of the biomedical model of psychopathology, focusing on the second half of the 20th century. It also identifies and discusses the key problems connected with its dominance in the contemporary clinical and research practice. These problems concern, among other things, the validity and reliability of psychiatric diagnoses, research methodology, treatment effectiveness, or the influence of pharmaceutical companies on research and therapeutic activity. The serious conceptual problems of the whole model call into question the foundations and knowledge base of contemporary psychiatry. There are also justified doubts regarding antipsychotic and antidepressant medications nowadays – despite their increasingly wide use, the number of chronically ill people keeps rising. This situation leads to serious ethical problems and warrants questions regarding the over-medicalisation of issues commonly associated with mental health. A reform of research and clinical practice is urgent.
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„Magiczna moc pigułki”, czyli o farmakologizacji seniorów

63%
Zbyrad T.
Studia Socialia Cracoviensia
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 1
EN
“The magic power of the pill”, about the pharmacology of seniors. The article is to look at the risks that pharmacology has. The group is also exposed to seniors, who are especially looking for ways to improve not only the body, but also the vitality that prolongs the youth. The seniors have the ability to decide whether to keep the product on the pharmaceutical market. On the other hand, there is a danger of self-healing due to advertising and geriatric deficiency. The article focuses on the problems generated by the advertising of pharmacological life-support.
7
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Socjologia farmaceutyków jako „subpole” socjologii medycyny

51%
Makowska M., Nowakowski M.
Przegląd Socjologiczny
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2018
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vol. LXVII (67)
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issue 4
97-115
PL
Celem artykułu jest nakreślenie obszaru badawczego w ramach socjologii medycyny, który socjologowie brytyjscy nazwali socjologią farmaceutyków. Zawierają się w niej: 1) procesy medykalizacji i farmaceutykalizacji, 2) społeczny kontekst tworzenia regulacji dotyczących leków, 3) praktyki marketingowe przemysłu farmaceutycznego, 4) oczekiwania społeczne dotyczące innowacji farmaceutycznych, 5) konsumpcja leków. W artykule omówiono powstanie i rozwój socjologii farmaceutyków oraz dokonano przeglądu badań mieszczących się w tym obszarze. Przedstawiono także argumenty dowodzące użyteczności terminu „socjologia farmaceutyków” w badaniach nad społecznymi konsekwencjami korzystania z leków oraz procesem farmaceutykalizacji.
EN
The aim of the article is to outline the subfield within the sociology of medicine which British sociologists called the sociology of pharmaceuticals. It contains: 1) the processes of medication and pharmaceuticalisation, 2) the social context of drug regulation, 3) marketing practices of the pharmaceutical industry, 4) social expectations regarding pharmaceutical innovations, and 5) drug consumption. The article will discuss the emergence and development of the sociology of pharmaceuticals, and a review of research in this area will be made. Finally, arguments will be presented showing the usefulness of the term sociology of pharmaceuticals in research on the social consequences of drug use and the process of pharmaceuticalisation.
8
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Niepewność, korupcja i granice podmiotowości w medykalizującym się świecie z perspektywy teorii władzy Michela Croziera i Erharda Friedberga

51%
Gurtowski M.
Border and Regional Studies
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2016
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vol. 4
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issue 2
193-214
PL
Tekst otwiera rekonstrukcja koncepcji władzy Michela Croziera i Erharda Friedberga. Zdaniem francuskich socjologów ograniczenia instytucjonalne są bardziej korzystne dla niektórych aktorów, a mniej korzystne dla innych. Owa różnica związana jest z różnym zasięgiem kontroli obszarów niepewności. Im większy zakres niepewności kontroluje dany aktor, tym większą ma on władzę. W tym kontekście korupcja pełni funkcję redukującą niepewność wpisaną w dany ład organizacyjny, zaś obszary niepewności w organizacji są jednocześnie czynnikami korupcjogennymi. W drugiej części wywodu scharakteryzowana zostaje medykalizacja, rozumiana jako proces poszerzania granic stosowalności medycyny na kolejne obszary życia społecznego. Jej konsekwencją jest powierzenie kadrze medycznej kontroli nad coraz większymi obszarami niepewności. Polska służba zdrowia, w świetle dostępnych badań, postrzegana jest jako obszar szczególnego nasilenia korupcji. Uważa się także, że w relacjach lekarz-pacjent ten drugi traktowany jest przedmiotowo. Fenomen ten tłumaczy teoria Croziera i Friedberga pokazująca, że korupcja jest konsekwencją dążenia pacjentów do upodmiotowienia się poprzez próbę wpływania na pozostające poza ich kontrolą obszary niepewności.
EN
This paper begins with the conceptualization of corruption from the perspective of the theory of power of Michel Crozier and Erhard Friedberg. It is assumed that both power and corruption depends on the level of uncertainty that one is able to manage and control. Medicalisation is defined as a process of expanding the limits of applicability of medicine on further areas of social life. A medicine increases its level of control of uncertainty in social world thereby decreasing a level of individual patient’s agency. Corruption is thus considered as a means of reduction of the level of uncertainty as a patient is not able to influence this uncertainty by other means.
9
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Walka z „babkami” o zdrowie kobiet: medykalizacja przerywania ciąży w Polsce w latach pięćdziesiątych i sześćdziesiątych XX wieku

51%
Kuźma-Markowska S.
Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały
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2017
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issue 15
PL
Artykuł ukazuje ustawę o warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży z 1956 r. jako element walki z „babkarstwem” prowadzonej przez władze oraz przedstawicieli socjalistycznej medycyny. Dążąc do wyeliminowania tradycyjnych, ludowych praktyk medycznych oraz do objęcia zdrowia reprodukcyjnego kobiet naukowym nadzorem medycznym, władze PRL i sprzyjające im środowisko lekarskie oficjalnie ukazywali ustawę z 1956 r. jako prowadzącą do wyeliminowania nielegalnych i nieprofesjonalnych aborcji i dzięki temu chroniącą życie i zdrowie kobiet. Jednocześnie, przerywanie ciąży było ukazywane w debacie publicznej i w dyskursie medycznym jako skomplikowany zabieg medyczny, do którego zmedykalizowania i spatologizowania dążyli przedstawiciele socjalistycznej medycyny. Fight with granny midwives over women’s health: the medicalisation of abortion in socialist Poland (1950s and 1960s)In 1956 the communist state authorities liberalized the anti-abortion law that the Polish People’s Republic inherited from the interwar period. Using the rhetoric of women’s health and framing their decision as a safety measure, the legislators intended to curb the high number of clandestine abortion procedures performed outside the realm of socialist medicine. As I argue in my paper, in the official political and medical discourse abortion legislation passed in Poland in the 1950s constituted an element of the war against traditional medicine which was waged by the authorities of socialist Poland. One of the targets of this fight were “granny midwives”: traditional folk female healers who were helping peasant women in many aspects of their reproductive lives and who were customarily accused of performing high numbers of criminal abortions. Thus it was against these “granny midwives” that the socialist state had to fight over the life and health of Polish women. Presenting abortion as an intricate medical procedure whose success depended on the skills of a highly qualified and experienced personnel, socialist doctors and authorities did not only medicalise abortion, but also pathologised it, depicting the termination of a pregnancy as a disease requiring the care of a professional medical practitioner. What was also at stake at the fight against “granny midwives” was the shift from pre-modern, traditional healing practices to modern, scientific medicine that was regarded as a tenet of state socialism.
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