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Wielkie złudzenie: genealogiczna "szkoła toruńska" i co dalej?

100%
Cetwiński M.
Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica
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2021
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vol. 24
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issue 1
55-71
EN
This article presents the history of the genealogical Toruń school, its achievements, and its erroneous basic methodological assumptions (a thesis on the origin of heraldic communities known in the late Middle Ages from the progeny of the high nobility as seen in the sources from the 12th and 13th centuries). Because of the apriori assumptions applied, the majority of dissertations inspired by this “school” only provide an illusion of an increase in knowledge about the history of the Polish Middle Ages. A critical examination of the output of the Toruń School should remind us of the need to observe methodological rigour. Criticism, however, does not mean the abandonment of genealogical research. What is needed, however, is an awareness on the part of the researchers that they are analysing the messages containing a sort of „invented tradition” and hence the necessity of adapting methods to the requirements of critical source sciences.
2
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Ethnic aspects of settlement in Ius Valachicum in medieval Poland (from the 14th to the beginning of the 16th century

99%
Jawor G.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2015
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vol. 22
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issue 1
47-57
PL
The purpose of this article is to present the relationships which occurred between the settlement of numerous villages on the Wallachian law in the mountainous regions of Medieval Poland and the influx of settlers representing the Wallachian ethnos in this area. Without doubt, both Poles and Ruthenians could not play a decisive role in this process for they did not have the essential skills related to the economic exploitation of mountains, and they were particularly not able to conduct a pastoral economy on a mass scale. They were also not able to independently adapt the forms of social organisation of villages, which were specific for the Wallachian law. The Vlachs, pouring into the studied area throughout the 14th to 16th centuries, were arguably not numerous, but they played a key role in organising new settlements in the mountains. A particularly significant role in this process was played by the chiefs of the Wallachian villages-knyazes (knezes). They had adequate knowledge, financial possibilities as well as administrative and judicial power over the rest of the people in order to become a group, which, on the one hand, was disseminating the Wallachian law, and on the other hand, was consequently standing up for the Wallachian law which was beneficial to them. Even though they relatively quickly underwent assimilation processes and integration with the local surroundings, losing their original ethnic distinctiveness, the Wallachian law was still being spread. In that way, it turned from being an ethnic law into a symbol of privileging all people who were using it, regardless of their ethnicity. The purpose of this article is to present the relationships which occurred between the settlement of numerous villages on the Wallachian law in the mountainous regions of Medieval Poland and the influx of settlers representing the Wallachian ethnos in this area. Without doubt, both Poles and Ruthenians could not play a decisive role in this process for they did not have the essential skills related to the economic exploitation of mountains, and they were particularly not able to conduct a pastoral economy on a mass scale. They were also not able to independently adapt the forms of social organisation of villages, which were specific for the Wallachian law. The Vlachs, pouring into the studied area throughout the 14th to 16th centuries, were arguably not numerous, but they played a key role in organising new settlements in the mountains. A particularly significant role in this process was played by the chiefs of the Wallachian villages-knyazes (knezes). They had adequateknowledge, financial possibilities as well as administrative and judicial power over the rest of the people in order to become a group, which, on the one hand, was disseminating the Wallachian law, and on the other hand, was consequently standing up for the Wallachian law which was beneficial to them. Even though they relatively quickly underwent assimilation processes and integration with the local surroundings, losing their original ethnic distinctiveness, the Wallachian law was still being spread. In that way, it turned from being an ethnic law into a symbol of privileging all people who were using it, regardless of their ethnicity.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the relationships which occurred between the settlement of numerous villages on the Wallachian law in the mountainous regions of Medieval Poland and the influx of settlers representing the Wallachian ethnos in this area. Without doubt, both Poles and Ruthenians could not play a decisive role in this process for they did not have the essential skills related to the economic exploitation of mountains, and they were particularly not able to conduct a pastoral economy on a mass scale. They were also not able to independently adapt the forms of social organisation of villages, which were specific for the Wallachian law. The Vlachs, pouring into the studied area throughout the 14th to 16th centuries, were arguably not numerous, but they played a key role in organising new settlements in the mountains. A particularly significant role in this process was played by the chiefs of the Wallachian villages-knyazes (knezes). They had adequate knowledge, financial possibilities as well as administrative and judicial power over the rest of the people in order to become a group, which, on the one hand, was disseminating the Wallachian law, and on the other hand, was consequently standing up for the Wallachian law which was beneficial to them. Even though they relatively quickly underwent assimilation processes and integration with the local surroundings, losing their original ethnic distinctiveness, the Wallachian law was still being spread. In that way, it turned from being an ethnic law into a symbol of privileging all people who were using it, regardless of their ethnicity.
3

The Romanesque sculpture from Nowy Targ Square in Wrocław (Lower Silesia, Poland) in the light of interdisciplinary studies

86%
Duma P., Gunia P., Miazga B., Piekalski J., Serafin J.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
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2021
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vol. 69
221-241
EN
The article discusses the results of interdisciplinary studies of a Romanesque stone head of high-quality artistry. It was discovered in 2017 during excavations at Nowy Targ (New Market) Square in the city of Wrocław (Lower Silesia, Poland). The sculpture originally came from one of the Romanesque sacred buildings of Wrocław, none of which have survived to this day. Although it had been made in the mid-12th century, it was found in the remains of a wooden residential building burnt down in the 14th century. The results of petrographic analyses indicate that the stone head was made of fine-grained sandstone classified as lithic wacke. The raw material was most likely a Devonian-Carboniferous sandstone from the Opava Mountains. However, similar sandstones also occurred in several medieval mines located in Upper Silesia. According to a popular belief, medieval aesthetics required such sculptures to be polychromed. The non-destructive analyses conducted with the microscopic XRF , XRD , and FTIR methods demonstrated that a clean stone surface was also acceptable.
4
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Eremici i pustelnicy w Polsce średniowiecznej. Wybrane zagadnienia

58%
Rajman J.
Folia Historica Cracoviensia
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2005
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vol. 11
EN
Hermits and anchorites played an important role in the history of Polish monasticism. In the 18th century, anchorite ideas were realized in the Premonstratensian (Bl. Bronislava) and Franciscan Rule (Bl. Salomea). In contrast, the impact of the Cartusian Oder proved rather limited.
PL
W dziejach monastycyzmu polskiego w średniowieczu eremici i pustelnicy odegrali ważną rolę. Pierwszymi znanymi z imion eremitami w Polsce byli mnisi tworzący tzw. Erem Pięciu Braci. Żywot Pięciu Braci Męczenników napisany przez Brunona z Kwerfurtu jest najstarszym źródłem ukazującym eremitów w Polsce. Pozwala na ukazanie osób, które przyczyniły się do  założenia eremu, okoliczności jego powstania i składu personalnego. Podstawą działania pierwszych eremitów w Polsce była reguła św. Benedykta obostrzona przez św. Romualda. Ich erem powstał prawdopodobnie w Mię­dzyrzeczu. Na kształtowanie się postaw pustelniczch miał także wpływ monastycyzm bizantyjski, o czym świadczy przykład sw. Andrzeja Świerada. On i jego naśladowcy działali w ziemi sądeckiej i na Słowacji. Można domniemywać istnienia w XI w. pustelników także pod Krakowem. W XIII w. ideały pustelnicze realizowano w ramach reguły premonstrateńskiej (Bł. Bronisława) i franciszkańskiej (bł. Salomea). Słabe okazało się, natomiast, oddziaływanie zakonu kartuzów.
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