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Smerdi – zapomenutý termín raně středověké slovanské společnosti

100%
Téra M.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2013
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vol. 99
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issue 3-4
217-237
EN
The term “smerd” is a word of Indo-European origin that is found in medieval sources in Kievan Rus, medieval Poland, and in the territories of the Polabian Slavs. Smerds are specified as peasants belonging to a prince who had their own property, families and land. This term was frequently used until the 13th century, and in some of parts of Slavonic territory, such as Novgorod, Pskov and the East Region of the Polish-Lithuanian Union we can still encounter it as late as the 15th and 16th centuries. Smerds most likely represented the third estate of Slavonic society, which according to Indo-European tripartite ideology secured welfare and prosperity.
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Wielkie złudzenie: genealogiczna "szkoła toruńska" i co dalej?

100%
Cetwiński M.
Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica
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2021
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vol. 24
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issue 1
55-71
EN
This article presents the history of the genealogical Toruń school, its achievements, and its erroneous basic methodological assumptions (a thesis on the origin of heraldic communities known in the late Middle Ages from the progeny of the high nobility as seen in the sources from the 12th and 13th centuries). Because of the apriori assumptions applied, the majority of dissertations inspired by this “school” only provide an illusion of an increase in knowledge about the history of the Polish Middle Ages. A critical examination of the output of the Toruń School should remind us of the need to observe methodological rigour. Criticism, however, does not mean the abandonment of genealogical research. What is needed, however, is an awareness on the part of the researchers that they are analysing the messages containing a sort of „invented tradition” and hence the necessity of adapting methods to the requirements of critical source sciences.
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