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Rogowy harpun z rzeki Wilgi

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EN
In 2000, a double-edged antler harpoon was handed over to the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. It was found in the Wilga river near the village of Trzcianka, comm. Wilga, distr. Garwolin. The double-row barbed harpoon from Wilga has 12 barbs arranged in pairs opposite one another and semi-spherical shovel-like base. The surface shows clear signs of engraving and polishing. Its total length is 19.5 cm, and it is 3.5 cm in width (Fig. 1, 2). It is most probably made of the antlers of a reindeer. The accidental character of the finding makes it difficult to determine its chronology. It seems that it should be associated with one of the communities of the Late Palaeolithic. Similar item are known from Hamburg and Ahrensburg Cultures. It cannot be excluded, however, that the harpoon is younger and comes from the Mesolithic.
PL
Rejon Puław jest słabo rozpoznany pod kątem osadnictwa przedneolitycznego. Znane są stąd nieliczne stanowiska, które można łączyć z paleolitem lub mezolitem. Należy do nich nowe stanowisko Pulki 1 położone na łagodnym stoku wydmy opadającym ku dopływowi rzeki Kurówki. Materiały z czasów poprzedzających początek neolitu stanowią jedynie niewielką część znalezisk. Pozyskano w sumie 411 zabytków krzemiennych. W skład inwentarza wchodzi 17 rdzeni, łuszczeń, 50 narzędzi, oraz debitaż i odpadki. Artefakty wykonano z kilku rodzajów surowców kamiennych, głównie z lokalnego krzemienia narzutowego. Mniej licznie reprezentowany jest krzemień czekoladowy, świeciechowski i wołyński. Niemal 40% inwentarza jest przepalona. W grupie rdzeni dominują drobne albo nawet mikrolityczne rdzenie do wiórków, niekiedy połączonych z otrzymywaniem odłupków lub wiórów. Niemal wszystkie to formy szczątkowe, jednopiętowe lub ze zmianą orientacji. Ponad połowę debitażu stanowią wióry i wiórki. Odłupki to głównie odpadki z zapraw bądź napraw rdzeni. W grupie narzędzi dominują zbrojniki (wiórki tylcowe, trójkąty i trapezy, półtylczaki) i drapacze, które łącznie stanowią 60% wszystkich narzędzi. Wśród pozostałych występują dwa liściaki trzpieniowate oraz ciosak. Z analizy inwentarza wynika, że jest to niemal w całości pozostałość osadnictwa mezolitycznego – najpewniej młodszej fazy kultury komornickiej. Tylko pojedyncze zabytki są na pewno starsze (liściaki) bądź młodsze (grocik z wklęsłą podstawą).Stanowisko w Pulkach jest kolejnym śladem osadnictwa z początków holocenu odnotowanym na obszarach położonych po wschodniej stronie Wisły. Jest to też jedno z nielicznych stanowisk, które przebadano wykopaliskowo.
EN
The Puławy region is poorly recognized in terms of pre-Neolithic settlement. There are few known sites that can be connected with the Palaeolithic or Mesolithic, among them Pulki 1. The site is located on a gentle slope of a dune, falling towards a tributary of the Kurówka river. The materials dating from before the beginning of the Neolithic period constitute only a small part of the findings. A total of 411 flint artefacts have been obtained. The inventory consists of 17 cores, 1 flake, 50 tools, debris and waste product. Artefacts are made of several types of stone raw materials, mainly local erratic flint. Chocolate, Świeciechów and Volhynian flint is less represented. Nearly 40% of the artefacts are burnt. The group of cores is dominated by small or even microlithic cores for bladelets, sometimes combined with obtaining flakes or bladelets. Almost all of them are residual forms, mono-directional or with a change of orientation. More than half of the debitage is made up of blades or bladelets. Flakes are mainly waste from core preparation or repairs. The group of tools is dominated by microliths (backed bladelets, triangles and trapeze, truncated bladelets) and endscrapers, which together account for 60% of all tools. Among the others, there are two tanged points and an adze. The inventory analysis shows that this is almost entirely a relic of the Mesolithic settlement – most probably of the younger phase of the Komornicka culture. Only single artefacts are certainly older (tanged points) or younger (a point with a concave base). The site in Pulki is another trace of settlement from the beginning of the Holocene recorded in areas located on the eastern side of the Vistula. It is also one of the few sites which were excavated.
EN
The article presents a previously little known ornamented antler artifact discovered nearly five decades ago in the deposits of an open cast chalk mine at Nowa Łupianka, woj. podlaskie (Fig. 1). It is a 41.5 cm long right antler of a red deer, its head section is 7.85 cm wide, the main stem 3.5–3.8 cm wide (Fig. 2). The truncated head section features a hole bored inside the antler to the maximum depth of 10.5 cm (Fig. 4g). Worthy of note is both the unusual richness of the ornament as well as the precise multi-stage working. It is possible to reconstruct the working techniques used in producing the specimen. After preliminary preparation of the raw material (presumably separating the antler from the skull, cutting and breaking off of the needed fragment, cutting off of the brow line and trez) it was softened most probably by soaking in cold water or by heating, for instance, in ashes. Next, the surface of the object was carefully modelled by whittling. It is also possible that an effort was made to straighten the antler (Fig. 6). Finally, after decorating the antler with an elaborate ornament it was smoothed and polished. There is a suggestion that the antler was painted with yellow ochre (Table 1). The find is covered with a series of notches almost all over its surface forming an original composition, different at different locations. Several zones of ornamentation were distinguished: A. On the face of the circular head section, five lines formed of 18 grooves and 6 rough incisions converging at a single point and 7 incisions on the edge forming a zigzag (Fig. 3); B. On the circumference of the head section, two rows of lentoid incisions arranged in two rows: row one – 23 lentoid incisions (12 distinct and 11 less well defined), row two – 31 lentoid incisions (29 distinct and 2 schematic) (Fig. 2–4); C. In the region of the junction of the head section and the main beam, on one side of the antler, a set of 13 irregular incisions, on the opposite side, a set of 7 and 8 parallel incisions; D. On three sides of the main beam, an ornament of a large zigzag formed of 6–8 parallel lines of incisions in the form of adjoining “V-shapes (Fig. 4a,b,d); E. On the remaining side of the main stem, herringbone formed by five pairs of diagonal lines and a central line topped with chevron incisions, one of its apexes pointing downwards (Fig. 4c); F. On the top section, an encircling representation of a “fringe composed of sets of 2–4 parallel rows of incisions separated from zones D and E by three to five transverse lines of incisions (Fig. 5). The ornament was produced with a flint burin in two similar techniques: 1. Technique of an engraved line, a single incision; 2. Technique of repeated deepened incisions to produce grooves or lentoid shapes. Presumably the ornament on the antler was made at a single sitting by one artist. In its technique of working the find from Nowa Łupianka shares some characteristics with mesolithic antler objects from the European Lowland (Pobiel 10, Pułtusk, Woźniki, Sværdborg I, Holmegaard I, IV). However, the ornament seen on individual sections of the specimen has no close analogies on any bone or antler objects in the western and eastern Baltic zone during the Boreal Period (G. Clark 1975; I. Loze 1983). Likewise, the form of the artifact does not resemble any known antler or bone artifacts. Presumably the studied find did not serve any economic function (showing no traces of wear or damage, being in a fine state of preservation and apparently resulting from substantial effort to model and decorate the antler). Rather it would seem that the aim was to produce an object of beauty having a decorative purpose and most probably, symbolic as well. The incisions may have been a calendar of a kind associated with inserting additional months to form a year consisting of 12 lunar months (see S. Iwaniszewski 1996). In zone E it is possible to distinguish a design which may possibly be an anthropomorphic representation. The image has analogies in mesolithic specimens from Denmark (Veksø, Jordløse, Ryemarksgaard, Refsvindinge, Fyn(?); fig. 7). Alternately, it may be an image of an animal or plant – lizard or Cosmic Tree with an image of a heavenly body (moon or sun) at the top. Both designs have numerous analogies in 17th c. and later clan symbols of Siberian tribes on the river Ob (Fig. 8). Accurate dating of the antler find and definition of its culture affiliation is at present exceedingly difficult owing to the lack of archaeological context or close analogies. Nevertheless on the basis of raw material used to produce the specimen it is possible to define the lower chronological boundary to the beginning of the Holocene when woodland fauna, mainly red deer, dominated Poland’s territory. Definition of the upper chronological boundary is more difficult. Ornamented antler artifacts occur in the Mesolithic but in later periods as well. Basing on the elements of the working and the ornamentation technique the find from Nowa Łupianka may with relative probability be classified as a specimen of early Holocene art.
PL
Stanowisko Kuĺ 1 zlokalizowane 5,1 km na zachód od wsi Sviatica, położone jest w dystrykcie Liachavičy, w regionie Brest (południowo-zachodnia Białoruś). Stanowisko o powierzchni 81 m2 zostało przebadane w 2006 roku. Kolekcja archeologiczna liczyła 286 artefaktów krzemiennych. Rdzenie odłupkowe i wiórowe reprezentowane były przez formy jednopiętowe (2 fragmenty), dwupiętowe (3 fragmenty) a także takie o zmienionej orientacji. Zestaw narzędziowy zawierał różnorodne formy narzędzi m.in. rylce (12), drapacze (3), zgrzebło (1), półtylczaki (3), ciosła (3). Ostrze z retuszowaną podstawą jest jedynym zbrojnikiem w zestawieniu. Na podstawie zastosowanej charakterystycznej technologii oraz morfologii form narzędzi możliwe jest przyporządkowanie zbioru artefaktów ze stanowiska Kuĺ 1 do kultury Kudlajevka.
EN
Kuĺ 1 settlement is located 5.1 km to the west of Sviatica village, Liachavičy District, Brest Region (southwestern Belorussia). An area of 81 m2 was excavated at the site in 2006. The obtained archaeological assemblage consists of 286 flint artifacts. Cores for blades and flakes are represented by single- (2 pieces), double- (3) and multiplatform (3) ones as well as four fragments. Tool-set contains various types of burins (12), end-scrapers (3), a scraper (1), truncated blades (3), adzes (3). A bladelet with truncated base is the only microlith in the assemblage. It is possible to attribute the assemblage to Kudlaevka culture based on peculiarities of flintworking technology and morphology of tools.
PL
The aim of this article is to analyze several hundred primeval artifacts (329 flints, 3 stone tools and 9 pieces of Neolithic pottery), which were found during excavations on Ostrów Lednicki and the burial ground in Dziekanowice. The above mentioned artifacts were found on a secondary deposit, in early medieval layers or in objects, and in a primaeval layer, which was detected in the immediate vicinity of Lednica Palatium. This significantly influences the interpretation options and only allows chronological and taxonomic classification of the artifacts with characteristic technological and typological features. 4 flint artifacts were connected with the Late Paleolithic stage of penetration of Ostrów Lednicki and its immediate surroundings, i.e. a part of a massive endscraper, a tanged point, a part of a shaft of a tanged point and of a backed piece. Because of the presence of tanged points, it is highly probable that the analyzed collection can be connected with flint manufacturing of the Świderska culture community. Ostrów Lednicki and its surroundings were also penetrated by Holocene hunter-gatherers, which is indicated by the presence of 14 Mesolithic flint artifacts. In the majority of cases they were cores, often microlithic, highly exploited. There were also single tools, such as a slender backed piece and two scrapers. Three stone artifacts can be clearly connected with the Neolithic — two hatchets made from fine-crystalline sandstone and a quartzitic broadax as well as several pieces of pottery. In the case of the pottery, 5 pieces should be connected with the presence of the Late Band Pottery Culture on Ostrów Lednicki, while 4 with the Funnel Beaker Culture communities. The remaining flint artifacts can only be generally associated with the Stone Age.
EN
For many decades, archaeologists were wondering what the spiritual life of prehistoric peoples inhabiting Polish territories looked like. With the beginning of the Mesolithic period our knowledge of that issue significantly expands. This is primarily due to a growing number of new discoveries of burials associated with the Mesolithic peoples. The main purpose of this paper is to present the graves of hunter-gatherers so far known in the literature that represent the Mesolithic stage of development on the territory of Poland. The article also makes an attempt to relate them to the various examples of burials in eastern and western Europe, and thus to interpret and to answer to some phenomena that are noticeable in the archaeological material such as: the numerous burials of women with small children, the specific arrangement of bodies and significant amounts of ochre found in burial pits in areas distant from natural deposits of this pigment. Although these phenomena are often quoted in the descriptions of Mesolithic burials, they still raise a number of questions.
PL
Od wielu dziesięcioleci naukowcy zadają sobie pytanie, jak wyglądało życie duchowe społeczeństw pierwotnych, zamieszkujących tereny dzisiejszej Polski. Wraz z rozwojem badań nad mezolitem nasza wiedza na ten temat zaczyna się znacznie poszerzać. Wynika to głównie z coraz to nowych odkryć pochówków wiązanych z ludami mezolitycznymi. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest prezentacja dotychczas znanych i opisanych w literaturze przedmiotu pochówków ludów łowiecko – zbierackich, reprezentujących na ziemiach polskich mezolityczny etap rozwoju. Zestawienie wspólnych cech obrządku pogrzebowego uchwytnych w materiale źródłowym takich, jak: sposób ułożenia zwłok, konstrukcje grobowe czy w końcu dary, które składano przy zmarłym. Tekst ten podejmuje próbę odniesienia tych cech do poszczególnych przykładów obrządku pogrzebowego z terenów wschodniej i zachodniej Europy. Podejmuje również próbę interpretacji niektórych zjawisk dostrzegalnych w materiale zabytkowym, takich jak: liczne pochówki kobiet z małymi dziećmi, specyficzny układ zwłok w niektórych przypadkach, czy w końcu znaczne ilości ochry, występujące w jamach grobów na terenach mocno oddalonych od naturalnych złóż tego pigmentu. Zjawiska te, choć często przytaczane w trakcie opisów pochówków mezolitycznych, po dziś dzień budzą wiele pytań.
EN
In November 2015, the expedition directed by the Czech Institute of Egyptology carried out its fourth excavation campaign at Jebel Sabaloka (West Bank). Efforts were devoted to further exploration of the site of Sphinx (SBK.W-60) in the area of the "Rocky Cities" where a large late prehistoric burial ground, tentatively dated to the 8th millennium cal. BC, had been uncovered in 2012. Altogether 5 trenches, with the square area of 17 m2 in total and with their depths equating to as much as 1 m, were excavated to explore another section of the burial ground and to investigate the settlement stratigraphies in the southern and central parts of the site. Alongside the excavation, selected categories of finds (lithics, ground stone artefacts, animal bones) were analysed and documented. Also, further detailed surface survey and documentation of varied features at the site were performed in order to gather additional data necessary for the preparation of the first detailed report on this remarkable site. Last but not least, special measures were taken to protect the study area from damage by both illegal excavation and gravel quarrying.
EN
This paper publishes the materials from the Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic obtained through surface surveys, mainly pre-war, from the area situated to the north of the Holy Cross Mountains, between the Pilica and Vistula rivers. The materials come from the collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw and the Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum in Łódź. This analysis covers the cores and retouched tools. The catalogue contains 116 as yet unpublished collections, of which a fragment was mentioned in the archaeological literature. The artefacts are presented in tables I–XXIX. Additionally, data were collected in the catalogue about collections known from the archaeological literature as obtained from surface surveys and excavations. A number of archaeological sites which were discovered through Polish Archaeological Record (AZP) were also signalled. In the area under discussion, archaeological study, which was carried out since the beginning of the last century, focused on two issues: the study of outcrops and the prehistoric exploitation sites of chocolate flint, and the study of the complex of Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic settlement sites around the hematite mines known as Rydno, and situated near Skarżysko-Kamienna. Field studies before WW II were carried out primarily by S. Krukowski and I. and L. Sawicki. After the war, intensive excavations were carried out in the 50ties in Rydno on the initiative of S. Krukowski, and later, in the 70ties, excavations were directed by R. Schild, both in the sector with outcrops of chocolate flint and in Rydno itself. The flint materials under study, though they are of lesser scientific value than those obtained directly through excavations, complement the overall picture of the settlement in the discussed area. 21 Final Paleolithic and 43 Mesolithic collections were distinguished. Mixed material, from both these periods, occurred at 17 sites. 26 inventories were generally dated to the Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic, or only their close chronology was suggested. 9 collections comprising mostly individual artefacts were only generally ascribed to the Stone Age (Table 1). For the inventory from Dyszów 1, concentration 1 (Pl. V:9–25) a Final Magdalenian character was suggested due to the presence of the backed bladelet (Pl. V:23). In the mixed inventory from Bawaria, two arch-backed pieces were distinguished (Pl. III:3.4), which were probably connected with the arch-backed piece technocomplex, dated to the Late Alleröd and Younger Dryas. The individual arch-backed piece from Pakosław (Pl. XVII:18) should be associated with the same complex. Most of the analysed Final Paleolithic inventories is connected with the Swiderian Culture, dated generally to the second half of the Younger Dryas. In the collections from the sites in Barycz 2 (Pls. I:5–8, II:1–7), Radom (Pl. XXIV:1–5), Ryczywół (Pl. XXV:1–8) and Kuźnia (Pls. XII, XIII) the tanged and willow-leaf Masovian points, which are the central tools of this culture, occur in a broader, typical context of opposed platform cores for blades or end--scrapers and burins, which are similar in style to those found in the Swiderian Culture. Sparse collections containing individual Masovian points come from the sites in: Lisów (Pl. XI:24), Teofilów (Pl. XXVIII:3) and Dębiny (Pl. V:3–6). In Dębiny, beside the Masovian point, also a big Lyngby point was found. Individual Masovian points were also found in the mixed collections from the sites in: Przepaść (Pl. XIX:28), Pyszna Górka (Pl. XXII:30) and Przedbórz (Pl. XIX:22). At the site in Myślakowice, a point of the Hintersee type occurred (Pl. XVI:13), which is rare in Swiderian assemblages. With the latter assemblages one should also associate the finds from the sites in Barycz 1 (Pl. I:1–4), Huta Książek (Pl. IX:16.17), Sielpia Wielka 3 (Pl. XXVI:1–3) and Suchodółka (Pl. XXVIII:1.2) which contained slim opposed platform cores for blades and individual end-scrapers and burins. In the mixed inventory from the site in Marcinków 2, there was a Grensk shouldered point (Pl. XV:3) rarely occurring at Swiderian sites of the north-eastern and central-eastern Poland. Among the numerous Mesolithic inventories, two collections: Bobki 2 (Pl. III:16–26) and Bobki 3 (Pl. III:27–37) were recognised as older, non-trapezoid assemblages of the Komornica Culture due to the presence of a few forms from the basic component of this culture. A group of Komornica artefacts occurred also at the site in Ponikwa, concentration 3 (Pl. XVIII:38.39.43–55). Elements of the younger Komornica Culture or of the Chojnice-Pieńki Culture can be distinguished in the sparse group of armatures at the site in Pakosław (Pl. XVII:18–24.27–30). The affiliation with the Janisławice Culture was suggested only for the inventory from the site in Pyszna Górka (Pl. XXIII:9–33). Janisławice points occurred also in mixed collections from the sites in Gapinin 2 (Pl. VII:19), Gaworzyn (Pl. IX:6–8), Kozia Wola (Pl.X:32) and in the Mesolithic inventory at Bobki (Pl. IV:5). The core exploitation type which is close to the one in the Janisławice Culture is represented also by the single-platform cores for blades with a flaking surface on the narrower side from the sites Sielpia Wielka 2 (Pl. XXV:32), and Przepaść (Pl. XIX:25.26). The group of Mesolithic inventories, in which scrapers and trapezes dominate, while end-scrapers are absent or few and far between, was characterised as assemblages of the Late Mesolithic. These are: Kazanów (Pl. IX:18–33), Końskie (Pl. X:19–25), Ponikwa 1 (Pl. XVIII:6–29), Pyszna Górka (Pl. XXI:1–45) and Trupień (Pl. XXIX:1–10). The analysis of the types of flint raw materials in the discussed collections of the Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic complements the general picture known on the basis of materials from the archaeological excavations (Table 2). The northern footslopes of the Holy Cross Mountains is an area at which chocolate flint dominates in assemblages. It was obtained in numerous exploitation points at the territory of its outcrops extending along the south-east axis from the vicinity of Guzów to the Kamienna valley. Among the Final Paleolithic inventories (161 items with determined the raw material) the share of different types of flint was the following: chocolate flint is 89,4%, Baltic erratic flint 5,6%, Cretaceous flint 3,6%, and Świeciechów flint 1,2%. In the river bend of the Kamienna, and in its outlet to the Vistula river, at the area of Cretaceous flint outcrops, more numerous items of this raw material occur. Among the materials from the Mesolithic (685 items with determined raw material), 61,0% of the items are made of chocolate flint, 27,4% of Baltic flint, 5,8% of Świeciechów flint, 2,3% of Jurassic flint, 1,9% of Cretaceous flint, and 0,7% of banded flint. In the Mesolithic inventories from sites situated in the basin of the Kamienna and Vistula rivers, the role of the leading flint complementing the inventories is taken by Świeciechów flint over from Baltic flint. The Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites are situated mostly in river valleys of the region (Fig.2). The concentration of sites is particularly visible in the area of the cities of Końskie and Radoszyce, in the area which is geographically varied: numerous streams, sands and sand dunes. The comparison of the available data suggests, that almost all sites in this area are located on dune terraces of rivers. The concentration of traces of settlements also takes place in areas of occurrence of attractive raw materials, obtained in the Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic, that is, at the territory of outcrops of chocolate flint and hematite at Rydno.
EN
During the excavations of a cemetery of the Cloche Grave Culture at Wieliszew (T. Węgrzynowicz 2006) a series of 18 chipped flint artefacts was unearthed at different depths, mainly from the illuvial layer. 16 specimens are of chocolate flint and 2 of erratic Cretaceous flint. As much as 14 items bear traces of having been burnt. Two components can be tentatively distinguished within the series. The first, more numerous, comprises mainly blades and fragments of blades (Fig. 1:1, 2), as well as a poor end-scraper superimposed over a burin (Fig. 1:3) and a fragment of a retouched blade. Some of the blades are from opposed-platform cores (Fig. 1:1), a technical trait that, together with the dimensions of the pieces, enables us to attribute them to the Final Paleolithic Masovian (Swiderian) tradition. The second component is represented by as few as four pieces, but they are more culture-specific: a single-platform subconical core (Fig. 1:5), a thermal fragment of a microlithic core, a bi-pointed backed bladelet of the Stawinoga type (Fig. 1:4), and an adze or proto-axe (Fig. 1:6). The Stawinoga point is characteristic for the Komornica Culture, from an earlier part of the Mesolithic Period. As for the adze, on the Polish Plain it is a tool-type linked with the adaptation of the Mesolithic communities to the forest environment (cf M. Kobusiewicz 1973). Both assemblages are obviously incomplete and in disturbed position, which is due, among other things, to the digging of the grave pits. The collection completes the rich Stone Age materials from the area of the lower Narev river, gathered and excavated in the years 1955–1963 (H. Więckowska 1985)
PL
W artykule przedstawiono topór z poroża znaleziony w miejscowości Łukęcin na wybrzeżu Bałtyku. Narzędzie przypomina późnomezolityczny topór typu Kongemose, choć jego dokładna chronologia nie jest pewna.
EN
The article presents a stray find of an antler axe from Łukęcin discovered on the coast of the Baltic. The artefact resembles the Late Mesolithic Kongemose type axe, although its exact chronology is unclear.
PL
Badania prowadzone były w usytuowanym na wydmie stanowisku archeologicznym Miasteczko Śląskie 2. Prace archeologiczne i geologiczne ujawniły ślady bytności człowieka ze środkowej epoki kamienia, okresu wpływów rzymskich, średniowiecza, a w sąsiednich torfowiskach poziomy węgli drzewnych z okresu neolitu. Stanowisko Miasteczko Śląskie 2 przypuszczalnie wyznacza strefę peryferyjną większego, wielodzielnego obozowiska lub miejsca krótkiego postoju gromady mezolitycznych łowcówzbieraczy- rybaków. Opierając się na przesłankach technologicznych i typologicznych, inwentarz warunkowo może być przypisany do kompleksu Duvensee lub kultury komornickiej. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że przebywające na wydmie społeczności mezolitu realizowały zadania gospodarki łowiecko-zbierackiej w zakresie wytwórczości krzemieniarskiej, prawdopodobnie polowania na ptaki i gromadzenia surowców mineralnych z przeznaczeniem na barwniki. W okresie wpływów rzymskich i w średniowieczu w pobliżu eksploatowano drewno sosnowe i torf. Kopanie torfu zbiega się w czasie z intensyfikacją górnictwa i rozwojem metalurgii w okolicach Tarnowskich Gór, które pociągnęło za sobą wzrost zapotrzebowania na drewno i węgiel drzewny. Aktywność ta została zapisana także w postaci wzrostu zawartości metali ciężkich w okolicznych torfowiskach.
EN
The study was conducted at the Miasteczko Śląskie 2 archaeological site, which is situated on a dune. The archaeological and geological work performed there uncovered traces of human presence from the Middle Stone Age, the period of Roman influence, the Middle Ages and – in charcoal levels of neighbouring peat bogs – from the Neolithic period. The Miasteczko Śląskie 2 site presumably belonged to a peripheral zone of a larger camp of multiple parts, or was perhaps a place where a group of Mesolithic huntergatherer-fishermen stayed for a short time. On the basis of its technological and typological characteristics, the inventory may be conditionally attributed to the Duvensee complex or the Komornica culture. The studies conducted indicate that the Mesolithic communities inhabiting the dune were hunter-gatherers who produced flint tools, and probably hunted birds and collecting mineral resources to make dyes. During the period of Roman influence and in the Middle Ages, pine wood and peat were sourced in the vicinity. Peat digging coincided with an intensification in mining and the development of metallurgy in the vicinity of the modern-day city of Tarnowskie Góry, which resulted in an increase in demand for wood and charcoal. This activity was also reflected in an increase in heavy-metal concentrations in nearby peat bogs.
EN
In the autumn of 2017, the exploration of the late prehistoric occupation on the west bank of the Nile at Jebel Sabaloka came to its fifth season. The fieldwork focused on the site of Fox Hill (SBK.W-20), last explored in 2012. Four trenches (no. 21–24) measuring 24 m2 in total (fig. 3) were excavated, all on Terrace 3 of the site (fig. 2). The most significant findings of the field campaign include the following: (1) A large late prehistoric burial ground was uncovered on Terrace 3. Based on the hitherto finds of intact (14 individuals) and disturbed burials and their distribution in Trenches 21 and 22 only, the burial ground appears to have been confined roughly to the southern third of Terrace 3 and to have contained at least several dozen deceased (figs. 4a, 5, 6). The use of shells of Nile bivalves as burial goods was attested (B.5, B.6; figs. 7 and 8); other items serving this function were not detected. Of interest is the presence of stone piles, in some cases carefully built, which covered burials particularly in the eastern part of Trench 22 (fig. 5). Before carrying out AMS 14C analyses, a Late Mesolithic dating can be tentatively put forward for (at least part of) this burial ground based on similarities to the burial ground at the site of Sphinx (e.g. Varadzinová –Varadzin 2017). (2) Terrace 3 had been used for settlement as well, both during the Mesolithic and the Neolithic. Several settlement features were uncovered, of which at least two had shapes reminiscent of those characteristic of storage pits (F.54, F.57 –- not dated more precisely so far; fig. 4a). Also, a stratification of settlement layers was detected (fig. 4b). (3) Of utmost significance is the discovery of fragments of what appears to be a stratified sequence of layers of Pleistocene dating (!) (fig. 9). They contained numerous assemblages of lithics with an unusually high representation of vein quartz, tiny cores ca. 1 cm in size used for production of microbladelets possibly by indirect percussion, and other pieces of lithics exhibiting advanced patination. The material has tentatively been assigned to the Late Stone Age. (4) The first of its kind was also a workshop for the production of Neolithic gouges on red rhyolite (fig. 1, 2, 11), detected in the western part of Fox Hill, with finds of raw material, primary shaping waste, finalisation waste, and unfinished as well as finished artefacts. The exploration of the site will continue in 2018.
EN
The artefact under study was found in 2017 in a gravel pit located in the village of Borki, Radzymin County in Eastern Poland (Fig. 1). The object was unearthed during the industrial extraction of sand from the former bed of the Bug River and, according to the finder, was located at a depth of about 16–18 m. The tool is 21 cm long, with a width of 6 cm and a thickness of approx. 4 cm, both measured at half the length of the specimen. The blade is bevelled on one side, and the object is cream-coloured (Fig. 2). The mattock was made out of a radial bone of a large ruminant, probably aurochs or European bison (Fig. 3). The radiocarbon date of 9180± 50 BP (Poz-97932) obtained for the mattock from Borki makes it one of (if not) the oldest known objects of this kind and allows us to assume that it was made during the Preboreal Period (Fig. 5). The vast majority of objects analogous to the mattock described come from the Boreal period and are associated with Maglemosian communities. However, considering the territorial range of the Maglemosian Culture, which covered the area of the South Baltic Lakelands (J. Kabaciński 2016, 263, 264, fig. 22), and the fact that the artefact was discovered in Mazovia, it seems much more probable that it is connected with the Komornica Culture. As a result of traceological analysis, interesting technological and functional traces were observed on the item. As regards the methods employed to form the tool, the wide use of the nicking technique (Fig. 2:B, 6:D.E; É. David 2007, 39), used to shape the blade and flat surfaces of the specimen, draws particular attention. The traces of use-wear registered on the mattock (Fig. 6:L–N) indicate that it was most likely used for chopping/hewing soft wood. The tool from Borki is undoubtedly unique in form and currently has no strict analogies among other early Holocene objects made of aurochs long bones from either Poland or Europe. Radiocarbon dating places the mattock among the few Mesolithic bone artefacts from the Preboreal Period known in Poland. Traceological analyses have shown a number of interesting technological and use-wear traces on its surface, which can provide a good basis for further technological and functional studies of this type of object.
EN
The most significant findings of the ongoing exploration of the Fox Hill site in the western part of the Sabaloka Mountains include the detection of extensive remains of a more-than-one-metre thick deposit on Terrace 1, tentatively interpreted as a relic of prehistoric Nile floods that must have reached as high as 10 metres above the present level of the Nile inundation, and the confirmation of the considerable size of the burial ground on Terrace 3, where 26 primary inhumations and 21 groups of more or less articulated human bones appertaining to a still unspecified number of individuals have been uncovered so far. Further examples of scarce remains of grave goods were found with three individuals (stone tools, bones of a large mammal, beads of ostrich eggshell and red quartz). We suppose Mesolithic dating for most of the burials, but a Neolithic date is more likely in the case of the burial of a child with stone beads found in the uppermost stratigraphic position (indication of the continuity of the burial ground into the Neolithic). It is thus confirmed that Fox Hill stands out in many respects in the settlement structure of the western part of the Sabaloka Mountains and can constitute a source of data of extraordinary significance for addressing a number of issues of supra-regional importance.
CS
Mezi nejvýznamnější poznatky pokračujícího výzkumu lokality Liščí kopec v západní části pohoří Sabaloka patří nalezení rozsáhlých pozůstatků více než 1 m mocných souvrství na terase 1, předběžně interpretovaných jako relikt prehistorických nilských záplav dosahujících úrovně cca 10 m nad současnými záplavami. Neméně významné je potvrzení značné velikosti pohřebiště na terase 3, odkud dosud pochází 26 jedinců v primární poloze plus 21 skupin více či méně artikulovaných lidských kostí, které patří zatím neurčenému počtu jedinců. Byly rovněž nalezeny další ojedinělé pozůstatky pohřební výbavy u tří jedinců (kamenné nástroje, kosti velkého savce a korálky ze skořápek pštrosích vajec a červeného křemene). U většiny pohřbů předpokládáme datování do mezolitu, avšak dětský hrob s kamennými korálky v nejmladší stratigrafické pozici je pravděpodobně neolitického stáří (indicie pro kontinuitu pohřebiště do neolitu). Potvrzuje se tak, že tato lokalita v řadě ohledů vyniká v rámci sídlištní struktury celé západní části pohoří Sabaloka a že může být mimořádně významným zdrojem dat pro řešení otázek nadregionálního významu.
EN
Ostrich eggs are sought after not only for their nutrition content, but also for use in artefact industries. The egg shells can be used to make containers or items of personal decoration, such as pendants and disc beads. The latter artefacts and the process of their manufacturing were studied on the material gained through excavation in 2012 of Sounding 2 (20 m2) at the Mesolithic settlement and burial ground of Sphinx (SBK.W-60) at Jebel Sabaloka (West Bank) in central Sudan.
EN
In the autumn of 2014, the interdisciplinary mission directed by the Czech Institute of Egyptology carried out its third excavation campaign at Jebel Sabaloka (West Bank). The site has been explored for remains of prehistoric occupation since 2011. A comparatively small area (7.50 m2) was explored in detail at the site of Sphinx (SBK.W-60) with the aim of identifying settlement layers and features, investigat - ing archaeological formation processes in co-operation with geologists and sedimentologists, and defining future meth - ods and procedures for exploration of prehistoric sites at Jebel Sabaloka. In addition to a number of important finds, several findings of methodological significance were made that contribute to the topical discussion on the character of cultural deposits of prehistoric dating in the Central Sudan and the possibilities and limitations of their stratigraphic excavation by means of traditional archaeological methods.
EN
Excavation research was conducted in 2015–2017 on multicultural site No. 12 at Kędzierzyn, Koszalin district. Majority of the finds are associated with the settlement of the Pomeranian culture. This article, however, presents other material connected with the Mesolithic and Neolithic settlement represented by the Corded Ware groups as well as the Early Middle Ages and early modern period.
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