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EN
Objective: The problem of financial exclusion is closely correlated to the development of the financial market, also in the regional aspect. In less developed countries ignored by commercial financial institutions, the only chance for the community lies with local financial institutions focused on the implementation of social goals. These can be, for example, microfinance institutions focused on serving poor and socially excluded people. Currently, microfinance institutions run their operations all over the world, in the richest countries and in poor ones. The aim of this article is to define and present the problem of financial exclusion and to examine microfinance as a way of mitigating the problem. Microfinance helps to mitigate financial exclusion, enabling social inclusion for many people via financial products tailored to their needs. Research Design & Methods: The research offers conclusions based on analysis of data and reports published by microfinance institutions and deductive and inductive reasoning. Findings: The research results show that financial inclusion plays a vital role in economic development and poverty alleviation. In order to improve access and usage of banking products, it is also necessary to increase financial awareness and knowledge. MFIs should strive to achieve social goals. Implications/Recommendations: Microfinance institutions all over the world should strive to achieve social goals through a wide range of microfinance products, and not only through microcredit. In order to increase the impact of microfinance institutions and achieve social goals, a scenario for the functioning of MFIs was proposed. This scenario assumes co-implementation of social and commercial goals, which is a condition of retaining the idea of microfinance. Contribution: The article presents the proposed model of microfinance activity which takes into account social goals and the digitisation of activities.
EN
The discussion on the condition of contemporary finance is focused on many issues among which a particular emphasis is put on the access conditions to microfinance services, including interest rates of loans and credit products. The belief that interest rates of credits offered to lowincome borrowers should be ‘attractive’ to allow them to benefit from loans stands in direct opposition to the concept that interest rates must be calculated at a level that will predominantly ensure continuity and stability of the functioning of a microfinance institution, even in a situation when it is necessary to apply high prices of financial services, frequently exceeding the levels specified for interest rates of credits/loans offered by traditional financial intermediaries. These conflicting views create space for the discussion presented in this article, the objective of which is to identify and analyse the determinants of a microloan interest rate from the theoretical as well as practical dimension, and to present the author’s own comments referring to the above subject matter.
PL
Dyskusja nad kondycją współczesnych mikrofinansów skupia się na wielu problemach, wśród których ważne miejsce zajmuje zagadnienie warunków dostępu do usług mikrofinansowych, w tym oprocentowania produktów pożyczkowo-kredytowych. Przekonaniu, że stopy procentowe kredytów udzielanych osobom ubogim powinny być dla nich na tyle „atrakcyjne”, aby produkty te mogły być wykorzystywane przez swoich beneficjentów, przeciwstawia się koncepcję, zgodnie z którą stopa ta musi być kalkulowana, przede wszystkim, na poziomie zapewniającym trwałość i stabilność funkcjonowania instytucji mikrofinansowej, nawet w sytuacji konieczności stosowania wysokich cen usług finansowych, często przekraczających poziomy wyznaczane dla oprocentowania kredytów/pożyczek oferowanych przez tradycyjnych pośredników finansowych. Te sprzeczne poglądy tworzą przestrzeń rozważań prowadzonych w niniejszym artykule, którego celem jest określenie i analiza uwarunkowań determinujących oprocentowanie mikropożyczki, zarówno w wymiarze teoretycznym, jak i praktycznym, oraz przedstawienie własnych, autorskich refleksji dotyczących powyższej problematyki.
EN
The objective of this paper is presentation and analysis of negative opinions of microfinance expressed by a wide group of specialists dealing with the microfinance form of supporting the efforts to fight poverty and financial exclusion. This problem has become the subject matter of discussions in scientific studies as well as mass media and covers a wide range of issues, referring not only to the ideological message of this particular form of financial intermediation, but also its practical aspects. The arguments presented in the paper and the underlying analyses are a result of literature studies as well as the author’s own reflections and remarks related to the discussed issues.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba prezentacji i analizy negatywnych opinii wyrażanych na temat mikrofinansów, formułowanych przez szerokie grono osób zajmujących się mikrofinansową formą wsparcia walki z biedą i wykluczeniem finansowym. Tematyka ta staje się przedmiotem dyskusji prowadzonej zarówno w opracowaniach naukowych, jak i środkach masowego przekazu i obejmuje szeroki spektrum problemów dotykających zarówno ideowe przesłanie tej formy pośrednictwa finansowego, jak i jej praktykę. Zaprezentowane w artykule argumenty i odnoszone do nich analizy są pochodną przeprowadzonych przez autora studiów literaturowych oraz wynikają z jego własnych przemyśleń i uwag wobec poruszanej tematyki.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the relationship between financial system development and economic growth. The influence of financial system development on real economy has been an object of interest of economists for a long time, which is confirmed by numerous empirical studies. A vast majority of scientists believes that there is a strong positive correlation between the level of financial development (financial system development in particular) and economic growth. Many empirical studies confirm that countries with a well developed financial system manage to achieve improvement in various social development indicators at the same time. The analysis presented in the article is based on the case study of India, an emerging market, where a number of financial reforms took place. The reforms enabled development of both the Indian banking sector and capital market. In the last couple of years India joined the group of countries with huge development potential. Due to steady economic growth, India has entered the top 10 of the world biggest economies. Financial system reforms contributed to the increase in the number of banks. New private banks were established and foreign banks entered the market. Unfortunately, it has proved not to be sufficient to grant an entire financial inclusion. In spite of the fact that financial assets in India are dominated by banking assets, the further development of banking sector is impeded by high agency costs and obstacles to market penetration. Even though the banking sector in India is relatively big, only 55 percent of population owns bank accounts and merely 5.9 percent − credit cards. In economic literature it is commonly accepted that microfinance creates an opportunity for the poor to access banking products and services, which should consequently lead to further economic growth. Capital market deregulation and liberalization attracted professional intermediaries and resulted in an increase in listed companies. During the upswing on global financial markets, the market capitalization to GDP ratio in India was higher than the ratio in developed economies. However, dynamic growth of market valuations of listed companies is not matched by the trading volume, which is proved by relatively low values of turnover ratio and stocks traded-to-GDP ratio. In a short period of time India managed to create a well-developed derivatives market from scratch. However, fixed income market in India is dominated by Treasury securities with corporate debt constituting only a small and illiquid segment of the market. Developed equity market and new lending growth constitute an important source of capital necessary for further development of domestic companies.
EN
Aim/purpose – This study examines the relationship between staff turnover and performance in the microfinance industry in a dynamic perspective and investigates some contingency factors that moderate this relationship. Design/methodology/approach – We ran random-effects and GMM models based on a database of 2,814 branch-month observations from a specific microfinance organization. Findings – It takes three months to see a significant negative impact of turnover on the volume of a branch’s loan portfolio. Moreover, it takes four months after the turnover event for this negative impact to be counterbalanced. After four months, turnover stops having negative consequences and even becomes advantageous in terms of loan portfolio growth, but this positive effect lasts only one month. The effect of turnover thus appears to be particularly limited in time. Finally, we find that the negative relationship between turnover rate and performance is weakened by the seniority level of departing loan officers and by the recruitment rate. Originality/value/contribution – First, this paper examines the duration of the consequences of turnover event, which is poorly studied in the literature. Second, it focuses on microfinance, an industry where relational capital is of high importance. Third, it extends the theory on turnover by highlighting that the seniority level of departing employees is a moderator in the relationship between turnover and organizational performance.
EN
The phenomenon of Grameen Bank has had a worldwide impact over thirty years of its successful history. It is assessed now that over 500 million of the world’s poorest population has benefited from microloans, a concept developed by professor Muhammad Yunus, 2006 Peace Nobel Prize Winner. By means of undertaken activities, Muhammad Yunus has given an unprecedented example of development of social business, which can be a modern way to replace charities. According to this concept, a social business is a sustainable business run in free market conditions, however profit-making is not its ultimate goal. A social business is either established to respond to a social need, which is not addressed otherwise, or is owned by the poor for whom a profit from shareholding can vitally contribute to their well-being. The present article discusses the history and main concepts of Grameen Bank – being the world largest social business – and other entities established as followers of the ideas voiced by Muhammad Yunus.
EN
Crisis makes us look for a new model of economic activity based on social solidarity. Muhammad Yunus, Bengali economist and Peace Nobel Prize winner, the father of microfinance and originator of a new social business concept, has become an advisor to European Commission. Author of the paper describes the activities by Muhammad Yunus and his values. Yunus is convinced that there is place in the private sector to launch activities based on the free market, yet with a purpose to maximize social benefits. He describes such activities in the framework of “social business”, which he calls a missing element in the theory of the free market. The Grameen Bank, established by M. Yunus, remains the world’s largest social business. Further on, I analyze the financial market in Poland, and discuss if institutions of “social solidarity”, similar to Grameen Bank, have originated there. We have been accustomed to the stereotype of thinking about the rich and the poor, and of dividing society into those who work and the beneficiaries of social support. Quoting Yunus: “Because of this silence and indifference, banks have imposed a financial apartheid and gotten away with it. If economists would only recognize the power of socioeconomic implications of credit, they might recognize the need to promote credit as a human right.”
PL
Zmiany wywołane kryzysem finansowym przyczyniły się do rozwoju alternatywnych finansów, których jednym z przykładów są mikrofinanse. Aby w pełni wykorzystać potencjał i znaczenie tego sektora finansowego, ograniczać ryzyko funkcjonowania instytucji mikrofinansowych na rynku usług finansowych, a także wzmocnić ich potencjał rynkowy, wymagane jest podjęcie kompleksowych działań zmierzających do opracowania i wdrożenia sektorowej polityki publicznej dedykowanej mikrofinansom. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie uwarunkowań determinujących rozwój sektora mikrofinansowego, jako elementu polityki sektorowej w odniesieniu do identyfikowanych potrzeb finansowych, gospodarczych i społecznych. Na tle dotychczas wdrożonych w Polsce segmentowych programów publicznych adresowanych pośrednio do instytucji mikrofinansowych opisane zostały kierunki i uwarunkowania kompleksowych działań zmierzających do opracowania kompleksowego programu polityki publicznej wykorzystującego potencjał mikrofinansów i służący do jego rozwoju.
EN
Changes resulting from the financial crisis have contributed to the development of alternative form of financing, including microfinance which is considered a financial system sector. In order to fully realize its potential, reduce risks inherent to microfinance institutions. as well as to strengthen its market capabilities, it is necessary to take comprehensive measures aimed at devising and implementing public policy on microfinance. The objective of the article is to examine conditions determining the development of the microfinance sector as an element of sectoral policy targeted at meeting financial, economic and social needs. The authors analyze steps necessary for the microfinance sector’s full potential realization and its development. The background for considerations presented in the article is the sectoral public programme focused on microfinance institutions which has already been introduced or is under implementation in Poland.
EN
Microfinance aims at providing basic financial services such as loans, savings and insurance to socially and financially excluded persons and microentrepreneurs. Among these services, microcredit is the most recognizable instrument of microfinance. Microcredit supplies financial means to start up businesses and to finance microenterprises. Microfinance originated in poor countries. In recent years, however, it has also gained some recognition in European countries. This article presents the relevance, efficiency and impact of microfinance policy and its policy instruments with respect to support for microenterprises in the European Union.
PL
Mikrofinanse wiążą się z oferowaniem osobom wykluczonym społecznie, finansowo i mikroprzedsiębiorcom podstawowych usług finansowych, takich jak kredyt, oszczędności czy ubezpieczenia. Mikrokredyt jest w tej grupie najbardziej rozpoznawalnym instrumentem mikrofinansów. Pozwala rozpocząć własną działalność gospodarczą, a także stanowi źródło finansowania istniejących mikroprzedsiębiorstw. Mikrofinanse zaistniały w krajach ubogich, jednak w ostatnich latach zyskały uznanie także w krajach europejskich. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja istotności, skuteczności i oddziaływania polityki mikrofinansowej i jej instrumentów na wspieranie mikroprzedsiębiorstw w Unii Europejskiej.
EN
Across the globe, microfinance has proven to be an effective tool for the fight against global poverty, as well as for development of self-employment and microenterprises. It appears however that women face greater difficulties than men in starting up a business and accessing finance as well as training. Microfinance services lead to women’s decision-making power and enhance their overall socio-economic status. In European Union microfinance programs hold great potential to meet women’s financing and training needs. The article covers the topic of microfinance in Europe in context of its influence on women’s entrepreneur potential. The purpose of the article is to present the main issues concerning microfinance and women- as one of the most important target groups for microfinance institutions. Additionally, the Author explains the definitions of social and financial exclusion. The main part of study presents detailed description of barriers faced by women and influence of microfinance on self-employment and empowerment of women on example two selected organizations: Banco Mundial de la Mujer in Spain and WAATU in the UK.
PL
Mikrofinanse okazały się skutecznym narzędziem w walce z ubóstwem, wspierającym samozatrudnienie i rozwój mikroprzedsiębiorstw na całym świecie. Okazuje się jednak, że kobiety napotykają większe trudności niż mężczyźni w przypadku rozpoczynania własnej działalności, dostępu do źródeł finansowania czy szkoleń. Usługi mikrofinansowe prowadzą do zwiększania się siły kobiet w procesie podejmowania decyzji i poprawy ich ogólnego statusu społeczno-ekonomicznego. Również programy mikrofinansowe w Unii Europejskiej posiadają duży potencjał, aby sprostać potrzebom finansowym i szkoleniowym kobiet. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy mikrofinansowania w Europie w kontekście jego wpływu na przedsiębiorczość kobiet. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja głównych zagadnień związanych z mikrofinansami oraz kobietami – jedną z docelowych grup programów mikrofinansowych. Ponadto, w artykule wyjaśniono pojęcia socjalnego i finansowego wykluczenia. W głównej części artykułu zaprezentowano szczegółową charakterystykę barier oraz wpływu mikrofinansów na wzrost przedsiębiorczości, samozatrudnienia, jak również podniesienie statusu kobiet na przykładzie dwóch wybranych europejskich organizacji mikrofinansowych Banco Mundial de la Mujer w Hiszpanii oraz WAATU w Wielkiej Brytanii.
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