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PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą analizy dwóch wybranych postaci powieściowych: barona Rothsattela z Soll und Haben Gustava Freytaga i Stanisława Wokulskiego z Lalki Bolesława Prusa, uwikłanych w działanie kapitalizmu – jeden we wschodniej części ówczesnych Prus, drugi zaś w warunkach Królestwa Kongresowego. Obie powieści opowiadają o różnicach stanowych, konieczności rezygnacji (przynajmniej częściowej) z dotychczasowego stylu życia, a ich dwaj bohaterowie łączą w sobie cechy szlacheckie i mieszczańskie i – co bardzo ciekawe – w obydwu przypadkach można zastanawiać się nad proporcjami „szlachcica” i „mieszczanina” w ich osobach. Idea analizy postaci literackich pod kątem ich położenia pomiędzy szlachtą a mieszczaństwem została zainspirowana lekturą prac Norberta Eliasa, przede wszystkim zaś jego Die höfische Gesellschaft („Społeczeństwa dworskiego”) .
EN
The article is an attempt to analyze two selected novel characters: baron Rothsattel from Soll und Haben (“Debit and Credit”) by Gustav Freytag and Stanisław Wokulski from Lalka (“The Doll”) by Bolesław Prus, entangled in the workings of capitalism — the one in the eastern part of the then Prussia, and the other in the conditions of the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Russian Empire. Both novels discuss status and class differences, the necessity of resignation (at least partially) from the current lifestyle, as their respective characters combine “gentleman” and “bourgeois” traits and — what is very interesting — in both cases one may wonder about the proportions of a “gentleman” and a “bourgeois” in them. The idea of analyzing literary characters in terms of their position between nobility and bourgeoisie was inspired by reading the works of Norbert Elias, especially Die höfische Gesellschaft (“The Court Society”).
EN
The subject of the city is one of under-recognised areas of research in the Polish Enlightenment literature. This issue requires a more careful investigation in order to reveal, as far as possible, the overall picture. The purpose of the sketch is to indicate the need for re-examination of the sources and for complementation of the existing knowledge with the image of urban space and communities which inhabits it depicted in the eighteenth century texts. The fi rst part of the considerations recalls the image based on the negation of the city which dominated in the times of king Stanislaus. The second part provides various perspectives on the issue that refl ect a multiplicity of experiences presented in the social, historical, cultural, political, architectural, aesthetic, sensual, as well as anthropological and existential aspect.
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