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“Lahesojad” 3. eelkristlikul aastatuhandel. Sumeri ja Akkadi kuningate sojaretked Parsia lahe kanti 2700–2150 eKr

100%
Vladimir S.
Mäetagused
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2014
|
vol. 58
147-180
EN
War has always constituted an important part of politics in the Middle East. Evidences of wars in southern Mesopotamia (Sumer and Akkad) and in the region of the Persian Gulf can be found in written sources that date back to the Early Dynastic Period (in Sumer), approximately since 2700 or 2600 BCE. This region around the Persian Gulf (modern southern Iraq, south-western Iran, Oman, Bahrain, etc.) has always been a very important territory, both strategically and geopolitically, and a crossing point of different cultures, religions and ethnic groups since very early times. This region of the Middle East (Persian Gulf) has always been rich in different resources. In ancient times it was an economically important region because of its frankincense, woods, stones (diorite), and metals (especially copper); today it is known for oil and gas. The Persian Gulf is the territory where the first wars for economic reasons took place already 5000–4500 years ago. Many Sumerian and Akkadian rulers tried to conquer this region, since Magan (modern Oman) and Dilmun (modern Bahrain) had deposits of copper, diorite, etc. Elam, which was located in south-western Iran, was a very important area quite rich in resources, and kings of Elam were often rivals of Sumerian and Akkadian kings in their ambitions to control the region of the Persian Gulf and the Zagros Mountains. This was the reason why in this region many military conflicts and wars between the Elamites, Sumerians and Akkadians took place.
2
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Rola żeglugi w kształtowaniu i rozwoju starożytnego i średniowiecznego społeczeństwa na terytorium współczesnej Ukrainy

100%
Koval A.
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
|
2018
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vol. 13
|
issue 15 (2)
149-158
EN
Researches above the history of coming into existence of the first housing estates, their development and forming state institutions in contemporary Ukraine and Europe are valuable memorial of the modern society. For the development of humanity is important to take control of water spaces by creating different kinds of swimming devices Kievan Rus’ and Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia were huge “active” medieval countries in Europe, which did distant war expeditions. Wellknown facts of marine expeditions of ukrainian knyazes is confirm of the expedition on rivers Volga, Don, Donuа, Tisza, the Vistula, Bug ets. The stateowned fleet protected the own earth and went to the sea travels to territory neighbour states. Concluded international Kievan Rus’ and Byzantine Empire not only had a geopolitical meaning, but also were example of the early codification of norms of the maritime law, in which such values as the human life, his freedom and the property were protect.
PL
Badania naukowe nad historią powstawania pierwszych osiedli, ich rozwojem i tworzeniem instytucji państwowych na terenie współczesnej Ukrainy i Europy są cennymi atutami współczesnego społeczeństwa. Szczególną rolą dla rozwoju ludzkości jest opanowanie przestrzeni wodnych poprzez tworzenie różnych rodzajów „środków pływających”. Zaproponowano prawną analizę Rusi Kijowskiej i Księstwa Halicko-Włodzimierskiego jako potężnych „aktywnych” średniowiecznych europejskich państw, które podejmowały odległe wyprawy wojenne. Potwierdzeniem tego są znane fakty pieszych wypraw książąt ukraińskich za rzeki Wołga, Don, Dunaj, Cisa, Wisła, Bug, itp. Flota państwowa przeprowadzała obronę własnej ziemi i wprowadziła podróże morskie na terytorium sąsiednich i dalekich państw. Zawarte traktaty międzypaństwowe Rusi Kijowskiej i Bizancjum miały nie tylko znaczenie geopolityczne, ale służyły również jako przykłady wczesnej kodyfikacji norm prawa morskiego, w których wartości, takie jak życie ludzkie, jego wolność i własność były przedmiotem ochrony i zabezpieczenia.
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