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Emergency Vehicle Driving Simulator for Typical and Extreme Conditions

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Urban A., Gudzbeler G.

Internal Security

2014

vol. 6(2)

207-214

Modern emergency vehicle driver training demands the employment of organizational and technical solutions whichallow training in situations typical of the tasks that they undertake. Training in fast driving is one element of this process. Availabletechnologies allow us to supplement this process with training aimed at gaining an ability to react in situations too dangerous to beimplemented on the training track. Account must be taken of vehicle failures such as tyres bursting at high speed, as well as terroristattacks, chases in urban areas with heavy traffic, and so on. The driver must be able to deal with obstacles including blockages createdby other vehicles, react to deliberate collisions and attempts at “being forced off the road”, and use the vehicle as an instrument of force.All this should be undertaken in differing weather conditions with different frictional qualities of road surface and in different areas:mountains, plains, woodland, etc. The ability to implement such training in a cost-effective and at the same time safe manner canonly be done through the use of vehicle simulators. One of the few available solutions dedicated to drivers of emergency vehicles, thattake into account the requirements outlined above, is the Emergency Vehicle Driving Simulator for Typical and Extreme Conditions.

Central and Eastern European National Legislation on Private Military and Security Companies — the Need for Adoption of Internationally Binding Instrument

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Karska E.

Internal Security

2014

vol. 6(1)

7-22

This article deals with central and eastern European national legislation on private military and security companies.Since such companies became important actors and very often active participants, in many international and non‑internationalconflicts, it is an urgent need for more regulations in this sphere of international relations. Existing international law, and especiallyinternational humanitarian law does not define the term private military nor private security company. Consequently, there is noregulation of their participation in armed conflicts. The Author presents a clear point of view that there is a need for adoptionof internationally binding instrument since existing national legislations are neither sufficient nor effective. Additionally, existinggaps in both national and international legal regulations become the reasons of serious human rights violations. Soft lawmechanisms such as International Code of Conduct or Montreux Documents have not helped much in this matter, especially havenot assured adequate reparations for victims. This article analyses national law of such states like Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary,mentions the lack of regulations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and exceptions in European Union secondary regulations. Authorexamines materials of the Human Rights Council and Special Procedures Working Group on the use of mercenaries that provideclear definitions and reasoning in the topic of private military and security companies. Analyses of those documents bring a clearconclusion on the weak points of existing laws and the need why internationally binding instrument such as universally acceptedconvention is necessary.

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2 Internal Security

1 Gudzbeler G.

1 Karska E.

1 Urban A.

2 2014

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Emergency Vehicle Driving Simulator for Typical and Extreme Conditions

Central and Eastern European National Legislation on Private Military and Security Companies — the Need for Adoption of Internationally Binding Instrument