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Polityka Wielkiej Brytanii wobec pierwszych powojennych inicjatyw integracyjnych Europy Zachodniej i USA

100%

Janiec Z.

Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna

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2010

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issue 2(29)

93-152

EN

The article discusses the United Kingdom’s policy towards the first post-war integration initiatives of Western Europe and the United States. It was a special period in the history of the European integration. Then, for the first time in the history of Europe, there were real opportunities for practical implementation of at least some of the numerous integration ideas. The initiators and authors of projects to unite Europe were various political organizations of Western Europe and the government of the United States. The United Kingdom was a world superpower at that time and because of various reasons it had to take an ambivalent stand on the issue of Western European integration. On account of the specificity of its international interests, which are thoroughly analyzed by the author, this state could not actively participate in the European integration trend. However, it was not in the British interest to sabotage the integration undertakings of the continental part of Western Europe either. In such circumstances, the United Kingdom forced through a policy of close co-operation between Western European countries as an alternative to integration ideas. Until 1954 the British policy towards continental integration initiatives can be described as very effective. The United Kingdom skillfully managed to hold up the use of post-war American aid to Europe as a form of stimulus for Western European integration (European Recovery Program – Marshall Plan). As a result of its policy, an authentically European parliamentary assembly, aimed at initiating and stimulating European integration process through grass-roots social pressure on governments (Resolution of the Hague Congress), did not take place. The political and diplomatic successes determined the British assessment of prospects for the European integration and British possibilities to influence the process of Western European unification. They made British politicians incorrectly – as it turned out – believe that the United Kingdom could successfully halt attempts of supranational integration by forcing through an idea of co-operation of sovereign states. After a few years there were no doubts that the assessment had been wrong. In this case traditional attitude towards international politics did badly in comparison with new realities, i.e. an innovative integration trend.

2

The Military Integration of Belarus into the Russian Federation

72%

Banasik M.

Safety & Defense

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2022

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vol. 1

EN

This article presents the results of research, which set out to identify and characterize the measures taken by the Russian Federation for its military integration with Belarus and to assess their consequences for regional security. In the research process, the systemic approach was applied. Critical evaluation of literature, systemic and comparative analysis, and generalization were used to solve the research problems. As a result, it was determined that Russia has been exerting constant pressure on Belarus for two decades to achieve military integration within the Union State. The goal of these efforts is to establish military bases and, potentially, permanently deploy significant armed forces of the Russian Federation on the territory of Belarus. As a result, Russia may gain a strategic spatial and temporal advantage over NATO and create real threats to the territorial integrity of the Baltic States and Poland. The Zapad-2021 exercises verified the extent to which Belarus can maintain its sovereignty in terms of military security and what role it will play in Russia’s military plans in the event of a hypothetical confrontation with NATO.

3

O potrzebie armii europejskiej w kontekście globalnej zmiany geopolitycznej

58%

Sadowski S.

Świat Idei i Polityki

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2020

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issue 19

170-192

EN

The main goal of the article is the issue of organizing an eff ective defense system of the European Union in the context of geopolitical change taking place in the World. It is important to answer the question, whether the European Union, wanting to maintain an important role in the global political system, can do it without having a functioning military instrument? It seems that the European Union, deprived of eff ective military strength, may retain an important position in the global system, but will be reduced to the role of a second-order power as a non-dimensional entity. The principal research methods are various methods of measuring the power of political units.

PL

Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest kwestia zorganizowania skutecznego systemu obronnego Unii Europejskiej w kontekście zmiany geopolitycznej dokonującej się w świecie. Tym samym istotna staje się odpowiedź na pytanie, czy Unia Europejska chcąc utrzymać istotną rolę w globalnym układzie politycznym może tego dokonać nie dysponując sprawnym instrumentem militarnym? Wydaje się, że Unia Europejska pozbawiona efektywnej siły militarnej może zachować ważną pozycję w systemie globalnym, lecz zostanie zredukowana do roli mocarstwa drugiego rzędu, jako podmiot nie pełnowymiarowy. Zasadniczymi metodami badawczymi są różne metody pomiaru potęgi jednostek politycznych.

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Polityka Wielkiej Brytanii wobec pierwszych powojennych inicjatyw integracyjnych Europy Zachodniej i USA

The Military Integration of Belarus into the Russian Federation

O potrzebie armii europejskiej w kontekście globalnej zmiany geopolitycznej