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On the variable of strategic culture: Modus operandi of military interventions in the Middle East

100%

Bivainis A.

Security and Defence Quarterly

2019

vol. 23

issue 1

97-125

The research subject of this article is the variable of strategic culture that has been subjected to some academic inertia since the Cold War period. The aim of this article is to define practical implications of the strategic culture through the prism of the neoclassical realist theory. It supports the argument that military interventional precedents in the Middle East since 2011 have been revealing adaptive considerations of the strategic culture as an intervening variable that implies interventional military decisions by the U.S. and its coalition partners. The first part of the article defines the precise role of this intervening variable as military interventional precedents are researched. This task is conducted by defining the general understanding of interventional initiatives, revealing structured assumptions of the neoclassical realist theory, and reconsidering the role of the strategic culture within that theoretical framework. The second part of the article shifts the attention to supportive empirical considerations regarding the strategic culture and perception of operational ideas – two specifi cally highlighted neoclassical realist assumptions. The article discloses that Western strategic culture is a changing intervening variable with a different level of permissiveness. A changing continuum of permissiveness is implied by interventional experiences that shape perception of the structural environment and dictate preferences for the power scale of interventional decisions. From this, the level of the structural environment’s permissiveness is defined. This permissiveness is associated with capabilities for implementing political objectives without further escalations of military power. Once the systemic environment becomes more permissive, the possibility of activating military intervention of various force-escalation becomes more conceivable.

Koniec z Françafrique? Polityka Emmanuela Macrona wobec państw afrykańskich

58%

Ciesielska-Klikowska J., Mądry B.

Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej

2022

issue 16

119-137

For centuries, France was present on the African continent, where, thanks to colonial policy, it was developing its empire. During colonial rule, Africa was seen by France more as an object than a subject of foreign policy. Yet, the events of the mid-twentieth century, which turned out to be the time of the emergence of modern, independent African states, brought about a huge change. The political processes taking place in the world at that time forced, first in the 4th and then in the 5th French Republic, a change in the perception of old estates, creating a partnership – though imperfect. Today, due to its greatest influence among all European Union countries in Africa, France can be considered the informal representative of the EU on this continent and the liaison in mutual relations. Hence, the position of Paris is of great importance to other European countries. However, decolonization opened the door for new non-EU players in the region, including Russia. The aim of the article is an attempt to take stock of Emmanuel Macron’s presidency to date in the context of his policy towards Africa. The work focuses on the analysis of the achievements of the French leader in terms of creating political, social, and military relations in the region of Sub-Saharan Africa (operation “Serval” and “Barkhane”). Due to the current events in Ukraine, the problem of rivalry between France and Russia for influence in Africa was also presented.

Francja przez stulecia była obecna na kontynencie afrykańskim, gdzie za sprawą polityki kolonialnej budowała swoje imperium. W czasie rządów kolonialnych Afryka postrzegana była przez Francję bardziej jako przedmiot niż podmiot polityki zagranicznej. Ogromną zmianę przyniosły wydarzenia połowy XX w., który okazał się czasem powstania współczesnych, niepodległych państw afrykańskich. Zachodzące wówczas procesy polityczne na świecie wymusiły na, najpierw IV, a następnie V Republice zmianę percepcji dawnych posiadłości, tworząc układ z założenia partnerski, choć niedoskonały. Dzisiaj, za sprawą największych wpływów spośród państw Unii Europejskiej w Afryce, Francję uznać można za nieformalnego przedstawiciela UE na tym kontynencie i łącznika we wzajemnych stosunkach. Stąd pozycja Paryża ma dla pozostałych państw Europy istotne znaczenie. Dekolonizacja otworzyła jednak drzwi dla nowych, pozaunijnych graczy w tym regionie, w tym Rosji. Celem artykułu jest próba dokonania bilansu dotychczasowego okresu prezydentury Emmanuela Macrona w kontekście jego polityki wobec Afryki. W pracy skupiono się na analizie dokonań francuskiego przywódcy w odniesieniu do kreowania politycznych, społecznych i militarnych stosunków w regionie Afryki Subsaharyjskiej (operacja „Serval” i „Barkhane”). Ze względu na aktualne wydarzenia w Ukrainie zaprezentowano ponadto problem rywalizacji o wpływy w Afryce między Francją i Rosją.

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1 Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej

1 Security and Defence Quarterly

1 Bivainis A.

1 Ciesielska-Klikowska J.

1 Mądry B.

1 2022

1 2019

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On the variable of strategic culture: Modus operandi of military interventions in the Middle East

Koniec z Françafrique? Polityka Emmanuela Macrona wobec państw afrykańskich