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Instrukcja o ewakuacji lazaretów polowych z 1866 r.

100%
Lusek J.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2012
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vol. X
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issue 2
31-41
EN
The reforms of the Prussian army in the second half of the 19th century resulted in the creation of a modern health care system for soldiers participating in combat, as well as those physically disabled in consequence of military operations. The introduced changes had also an influence on the economic-technical and administrative fields including health care institutions, i.e. field and military hospitals and supplies needed to run them. The fulfillment of this task was down to storehouses supplying field and military hospitals, as well as reserve field hospitals. The instruction for evacuation of field hospitals (Instruction über die Evakuation der Feld-Lazarethe) in the collection of the National Archives in Opole located in Opole District Starosty. It contains detailed instructions for the formation, management, administration and visit, as well as procedures for evacuation of field hospitals, of war and reserve hospitals, also appoints medical staff, support medical staff, and volunteer medical personnel for these facilities. It contains provisions regarding transportation of the wounded and sick, and formal procedures associated with the release from military service and return to active service, after convalescence.
2
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Glosa do Wyroku Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w sprawie Moraru vs. Rumunia z dnia 8 listopada 2022 r. – dyskryminacja na gruncie „warunku dostępu do pracy i nauki”

88%
Kalisz A., Wojciechowski B.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2023
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issue 2(175)
157-168
EN
The commented judgement concerns an allegation of discrimination in the recruitment process for studies preparing to become a military doctor, when the national authorities denied a female-applicant the right to take the military medical school entrance exam on the basis of her height (she was 150 cm tall and weighed 44 kg). The Ministry of National Defence argued that the law required all military personnel to be able to perform any mission, and that this meant being able to carry a standard soldier’s kit weighing around 57 kg. The European Court of Human Rights found that the reasons why the applicant was treated differently from other women – who met the weight and height requirements – were not “relevant and sufficient”. In particular, the national courts accepted the MND’s argument equating size with strength. Even though size had recently been eliminated from the list of selection criteria and that the applicant was now free to apply to the military academy of her choice, the Court found that she had been unfairly disadvantaged at the time of her application. The co-authors of the gloss agree with the position of the Court and the reasoning presented, while addressing both: the philosophical grounds of the equality principle and the evolution of the judicial dialogue between the ECHR and the CJEU.
3
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Evaluation of occupational physical load during 6-month international crisis management operation

75%
Pihlainen K., Santtila M., Vasankari T., Häkkinen K., Kyröläinen H.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2017
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vol. 31
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issue 2
185-197
EN
Objectives Generally, operational military duties are associated with a variety of stressors, such as prolonged physical activity (PA). However, limited information is available on the occupational workload or changes in PA during international military operations. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the changes in body composition, stress biomarkers, PA, and heart rate (HR) responses of 79 male soldiers during a 6-month international crisis management operation. Material and Methods Measurements were conducted 3 times in South-Lebanon during the operation. Body composition was assessed by the bioelectrical impedance method. Blood samples were analyzed for serum testosterone, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), cortisol and insulin-like growth factor. Saliva sampling was used for analyzing stress biomarkers, cortisol and α-amylase. Heart rate and physical activity were monitored by a recordable belt and tri-axial accelerometer, respectively. Results Increases in muscle mass (39.2±4.1 vs. 39.5±4.2 kg, p < 0.05) and testosterone (15.9±4.6 vs. 17.2±4 nmol/l, p < 0.01), and reductions in PA variables (e.g., daily step count 9472±2547 vs. 8321±2720, p < 0.05) were observed during the first half (i.e., PRE-MID) of the study. The increase in muscle mass remained significant during the latter half (PRE-POST, 39.2±4.1 vs. 39.6±4.4 kg, p < 0.05), but also fat mass increased (MID-POST, 10.6±4.6 vs. 11.0±4.7 kg, p < 0.05) while SHBG (MID-POST, 31.8±12.1 vs. 26.6±13.2 nmol/l, p < 0.01) and cortisol (MID-POST, 445±116 vs. 400±123 nmol/l, p < 0.05) decreased. With the exception of increased concentration of salivary α-amylase (PRE-POST, 36.5±33.7 vs. 55.1±39.7 U/ml), the acute stress biomarkers and HR responses remained unchanged. Furthermore, the low quantity of PA, low HR values and subjective ratings of exertion refer to rather light physical workload. Conclusions Due to the operatively calm nature of the working environment, the present soldiers did not express any significant signs of physical overload during the study period. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(2):185–197
4
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Służba zdrowia Okręgu Poznańskiego Armii Krajowej

63%
Jezierski Z.
Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny
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2010
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vol. 73
65-73
PL
We wrześniu 1939 roku władze hitlerowskich Niemiec anektowały województwo poznańskie do obszaru III Rzeszy jako Reichsgau Wartheland. Dążyły do całkowitego usunięcia stamtąd Polaków. Cel ten realizowały za pomocą eksterminacji oraz wysiedleń do Generalnego Gubernatorstwa. Represje te powodowały rozwój organizacji, które podejmowały obronę społeczeństwa polskiego. Największą z nich była Armia Krajowa. Jednym z ważniejszych kierunków jej działalności była ochrona zdrowia i życia Polaków. Dlatego też ogromną rolę pełnili w niej lekarze, farmaceuci, pielęgniarki oraz działacze towarzystw opiekuńczych i społecznych.
EN
In September of 1939, the Poznan Province was annexed by the state authorities of Nazi Germany to the territory of the Third Reich, and called Wartheland. The Nazi authorities aimed at expelling all Polish citizens from the area. They pursued this goal by exterminating and displacing the inhabitants to the General Government. These repressive measures sparked off the development of organizations which tried to defend Polish society. The largest of them was the Polish Home Army {Armia Krajowa). One o f its most important goals was to protect the health and life of Poles. Therefore, doctors, pharmacists, nurses and activists of various welfare and social organizations played a very important role in The Home Army.
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