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EN
The article presents the military relations between Poland and the Soviet Union in the years 1921-1939, from the end of the war between Poland and the Bolshevik Russia until the beginning of World War II. Its content has been divided into four subchapters, in the first of which the author analyzes the state of research on the topic in question and the state of preservation of sources in Polish and foreign archives. In the following subsections, the author presents the military relations between Poland and the USSR in three periods: in the years 1921-1926, 1926-1935 and 1935-1939. The last subsection is key to the undertaken research problem. It contains findings on the changes in the mutual military relations to the disadvantage of Poland, in connection with the rapid expansion and modernization of the Red Army and the difficulties of the Polish military intelligence in their assessment and difficulties in recognizing the reconstructed cooperation between the USSR and Germany.
EN
The purpose of the article is to present and analyse the role of transfer of military technology, equipment and armaments in mutual military relations between the PRC and Ukraine, as well as its impact on modernization of the PLA and expansion of China’s military potential.
PL
Po rozpadzie Związku Radzieckiego w grudniu 1991 roku na 15 niepodległych państw, w tym Federacji Rosyjskiej, pojawiła się realna możliwość zresetowania stosunków między Moskwą i Islamabadem. Federacja Rosyjska nie wykorzystała nowej sytuacji geopolitycznej do znaczącej poprawy wzajemnych relacji w ostatniej dekadzie XX wieku. Natomiast w dwóch pierwszych dekadach XXI wieku doszło do intensyfikacji stosunków politycznych, gospodarczych i militarnych między obu państwami, które ulegały wahaniom. Autor skupił się w artykule na przesłankach, które leżały u podstaw poprawy wzajemnych stosunków w wymienionych trzech obszarach. Przedstawione zostały także przesłanki, które hamowały i hamują bardziej intensywną współpracę, szczególnie na polu politycznym i gospodarczym. W zakończeniu zostało sformułowanych kilka wniosków.
EN
After the collapse of the Soviet Union into 15 independent states in December 1991, including the Russian Federation, there was a real opportunity to reset relations between Moscow and Islamabad. The Russian Federation did not take advantage of the new geopolitical situation to significantly improve mutual relations in the last decade of the twentieth century. However, in the first two decades of the twenty-first century, there was an intensification of political, economic and military relations between the two countries, which fluctuated. The author focused in the article on the premises that underline the improvement of mutual relations in these three areas. The premises that have inhibited and inhibit more intensive cooperation, especially in the political and economic fields, were also presented. In the end was formulated a few conclusions.
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