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EN
Military education, as an integral and inseparable part of building the army as an institution, is changing its identity and tends to be becoming a place of development, changes, scientific research, quality teaching and education. Adoption of the National Curriculum Framework is creating conditions for these changes. Introduction of the military schools curriculum will inevitably lead to the hidden curriculum. In adult education (andragogy), the hidden curriculum appears in a more vigorous and influential form. The ability to function and the high reliability of the military system are based on hierarchy in which the formation of will is carried out from top downwards. The most prominent factors are command, obedience and reporting. In such an environment, we recognise the positive and negative effects of the hidden curriculum in Croatian military schools.
EN
This article investigates issues related to the organization of military-applied training in cadet corps of the Russian Empire in the territories of Ukrainian provinces in the nineteenth – early twentieth century. The basic stages of formation and development of military training cadets, the key components of special training, and requirements that were presented to it’s organization are revealed. The examples of summer camp sessions in various cadet corps in Ukrainian provinces are given, the appropriateness of their location and a variety of educational process in summer camps are described. The essence, forms and methods used in the system of military education are applied in future military cadet corps. It is established that all the complex of military profile was directed at professional training of future officers, defenders of the state. Cadets were raised in discipline, organization, thus preventing the development of negative personality traits. It is shown that an important role in military science of cadets took lessons held in camps where they learned the intricacies of military affairs, became acquainted with the latest types of weapons and learn to use them, studied the tactics of warfare, especially fortification cases, practiced shooting of firearms, extended their inner world during the touring of cities and various industrial plants. Location of the camps was also not accidental, most of them were in the fields of battle or near military units. Thus, the system of special military training – summer camps – was an integral part of the educational process in the cadet corps. Its conduct was prepared in advance. The administration of the corps found additional funds, provided material-technical facilities, involved specially trained teachers and officers, educators. From the reports of the teaching staff and memories of cadets can be seen that the summer practical training was of great importance in the training of future officers. During the summer practical training cadets received practical skills that could be used in their future service. So the whole military-applied education was focused at the formation of highly educated, cultural, professional, well-trained officer, a patriot and defender of the motherland. The quality of applied military training was at a high level, as evidenced by reports of the administration of cadet corps to the main Directorate of military educational institutions.
EN
The article sketches an outline of the history of the revival of military education which took place in the Second Polish Republic, with particular emphasis on selected legal aspects of the development of organizational structures of military schools created at that time. The time frame in question begins with Poland’s regaining her independence in 1918 and ends with the outbreak of World War II. The author presents selected issues related to reconstruction and development of 136 Polish military education in the interwar period, including the post-war era and the time of peace. The enormous effort to regain independence enabled a two-way rebirth of Polish military schools: on the basis of the military staff of the former partitioning states and in the form of training courses for the military in the country. In 1921–1923, the soldier training system was changed from a war-time to a peace-time system. The system so organized remained relatively stable until the outbreak of World War II. The historical and legal heritage including the creation and evolution of the system of Polish military schools after the First World War is a significant part of the history of the Polish Army. At the same time, the level represented by the professional staff testifies to the value of the armed forces as a whole. To invoke the relevant historical context regarding the legal aspects of the military school reconstruction process in the Second Polish Republic seems justified from the perspective of the higher military education reform in today’s Poland.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest zarys historii odrodzenia szkolnictwa wojskowego II Rzeczypospolitej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wybranych prawnych aspektów rozwoju struktur organizacyjnych powstałych w tym czasie szkół wojskowych. Ramy czasowe rozważań rozpoczynają się wraz z odzyskaniem niepodległości w 1918 r., a kończą wraz z wybuchem II wojny światowej. Autor przedstawia wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu odbudowy i rozwoju polskiego szkolnictwa wojskowego w okresie międzywojennym, z uwzględnieniem okresu powojennego i pokojowego. Okupione ogromnym wysiłkiem odzyskanie niepodległości umożliwiło dwutorowe odrodzenie się polskich szkół wojskowych: na kanwie kadry oficerskiej dawnych państw zaborczych oraz w formie kształcenia oficerów na kursach w kraju. W latach 1921–1923 doszło do zmiany charakteru systemu szkolenia żołnierzy z wojennego na pokojowy. Wojskowy system edukacyjny zorganizowany w tym czasie pozostał względnie stabilny do wybuchu II wojny światowej. Dziedzictwo historyczno-prawne obejmujące powstanie i ewolucję systemu polskich szkół wojskowych po I wojnie światowej stanowi znaczącą część dziejów Wojska Polskiego. Również współcześnie poziom, jaki reprezentuje kadra zawodowa świadczy o wartości sił zbrojnych jako całości. Przywołanie stosownego kontekstu historycznego w zakresie prawnych aspektów odbudowy systemu edukacyjnego żołnierzy w II Rzeczypospolitej wydaje się zasadne z punktu widzenia przeprowadzanej obecnie reformy wyższego szkolnictwa wojskowego w Polsce.
PL
W 2005 r. nastąpiło zniesienie ustrojowej odrębności wyższego szkolnictwa wojskowego. Uczelnie wojskowe zostały wówczas zaliczone do uczelni publicznych i tym samym włączone do powszechnego systemu szkolnictwa wyższego. Pozostały jednak pewne wyraźne różnice wynikające m.in. z zatrudniania w uczelniach wojskowych żołnierzy zawodowych w charakterze nauczycieli akademickich. Podstawą ich zatrudnienia jest bowiem stosunek służbowy, odznaczający się licznymi i doniosłymi odrębnościami od stosunku pracy. W 2011 r. dokonano zasadniczej nowelizacji ustawodawstwa dotyczącego szkolnictwa wyższego, która objęła także zagadnienia pracownicze. Mając na uwadze aktualnie obowiązujący stan prawny, w artykule przedstawiono wybrane, szczególne regulacje odnoszące się do żołnierzy zawodowych będących nauczycielami akademickimi w uczelniach wojskowych. Omówiono kolejno problematykę: podstawy świadczenia pracy, organów jednoosobowych uczelni wojskowej, obowiązków służbowych, czasu służby, urlopów i wynagrodzenia. Następnie podjęto próbę oceny przyjętych przez ustawodawcę rozwiązań, w oparciu o którą sformułowano wnioski de lege lata i de lege ferenda odnoszące się do pozycji żołnierzy zawodowych będących nauczycielami akademickimi w uczelniach wojskowych i jej wpływu na określenie miejsca uczelni wojskowych wśród uczelni publicznych.
EN
In 2005 statutory separation of higher military education was lifted. Military schools were then included among public schools and thus integrated in general higher education system. Some differences remained, however, due to, among others, employment of professional soldiers as academic teachers. The grounds for their employment is the relationship of service, which is different to work relationship in a number of significant aspects. In 2011 the novel of regulations concerning higher education was implemented, which covered also employment-related matters. Bearing in mind current laws, the article presents selected specific regulations referring to professional soldiers working as academic teachers in military schools. The following problems are discussed in the article: grounds for employment, one-person bodies of military schools, service obligations, duration of service, leaves, remunerations. Then the assessment of solutions adopted by legislator is attempted at and conclusions de lege lata and de lege ferenda formulated, referring to position of professional soldiers working as academic teachers and its effect of defining the place of military schools in the system of public schools.
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