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MIT SKARBU WEDŁUG J.R.R. TOLKIENA W ŚWIETLE JEGO PRZEKŁADU BEOWULFA

100%
Kowalik B.
Acta Neophilologica
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2016
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vol. XVIII/1
97-110
EN
The article compares the presentation of material wealth in the Old English epic Beowulf and in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien, particularly The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, with reference to the recently published prose translation of Beowulf made by J.R.R. Tolkien in 1926 and supplied by him with ample notes and commentary. The analysis makes use of the anthropological and sociological concepts of Georges Dumézil (trifunctional theory), Marcel Mauss (the concept of the gift), and René Girard (mimetic rivalry) to elucidate the significance of treasure in the analyzed texts.
2

René Girarda mimetyczna rywalizacja: oksymoron czy postawa hybrydyczna

100%
Mamzer H.
Rocznik Antropologii Historii
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2013
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issue 2(5), Genealogie kultury
83–96
XX
Mimetic rivalry is, contrary to appearances, not an oxymoron, as it would seem from the perspective of a modern researcher, but a hybrid attitude. Mimesis, meaning imitation, or identification of the imitator with the imitated, remains closely connected with the so-called mimesis of appropriation, which according to Girard transforms itself into pure antagonism. The resulting agonistic attitude (rivalry, competition) becomes a source of violence on the one hand, and a source of improvement or even self-creation on the other. It expresses a way of thinking characteristic of societies with magical culture, manifesting itself in an antinomy of concepts, opposing attitudes coming together to create one whole. The problem can be most clearly illustrated by the identity of opposites, known in the world of ancient concepts, especially in ancient Greece. Heraclitus’ unity of opposites is particularly relevant here; it contains two opposing attitudes, whose hybridism meant a violation of long-established moral, ethical, and religious – i.e. cultural – norms, creating an opposition towards everything that is positive, effective. It ensured a sense of balance, stability, and security within the cultural community.
3
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To not nurture a war – education against violence (Girard - Patočka)

86%
Maliszewski K.
Studia z Teorii Wychowania
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2023
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vol. XIV(2 (43))
357-368
EN
The author is primarily interested in violence in the form of joining Girard's persecution crowd. Thus, the text concerns violence not in the general sense as the use of force to break resistance, nor symbolic violence in the sense of Pierre Bourdieu, but in the sense of human disposition to retaliate and persecution - in other words, violence is analyzed here in terms similar to what Erich Fromm called malignant aggression - the tendency to destroy and gain unlimited control over other people and the world. In the text, the author radicalizes the question about the pedagogical context of violence, treating the tendency to hasty curricular and organizational changes (which often occur after events of escalating violence in schools), as well as the utilitarian search for effective preventive evidence-based measures, as illusions and part of the problem we face with violence. He recognizes that pedagogical reflection must go much deeper. He seeks knowledge about the sources of violence and the cultural formations that foster it in the works of the French anthropologist René Girard and the Czech philosopher Jan Patočka. The ideas of mimetic rivalry and the 20th century as war can give us insight into the phenomenon of violence and suggest the direction of educational transformation. The author conducts the analysis in several steps. After a critical introduction to the contemporary reaction of education to violence, he first outlines Girard's concept of the mimetic mechanism, then emphasizes three ideas present in it (with references to the nowadays): violence as an anthropological feature embedded in the human condition, unawareness of one's own violence and unanimity of the persecuting crowd. In the end, these three accents become the basis for the postulate of existential reorientation of education, based on Patočka's concept of forces of the day and the night.
4
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Problematyka relacji polsko-litewskich w świetle teorii mimetycznej René Girarda

58%
Zambrzycki M.
Studia Gdańskie
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2011
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issue 29
275-303
PL
Polska i Litwa to dwa państwa o wspólnej wielowiekowej historii. Znacznym problemem u północnych sąsiadów Polski jest szowinizm, który miał okazję odrodzić się po upadku ZSRR. Przez lata skrywany, największego wroga znalazł w polskości i stanowi obecnie główny czynnik jednoczący. Litwini posiadają wynikły z zaszłości historycznych kompleks polskości, który wynika z utożsamiania polskości z prestiżem. Przedmiot analizy, czyli relacje polsko-litewskie, został w niniejszym artykule naświetlony z wykorzystaniem metody badawczej, której autorem jest francuski antropolog René Girard (1923-). Ową metodą jest teoria mimetyczna.
EN
Poland and Lithuania are two countries with many centuries of common history. But there is one significant problem among the northern neighbours of Poland – chauvinism, which had a chance to be reborned after the fall of the Soviet Union. Hidden over the years, its biggest enemy found in Polishness and now is the main unifying factor for Lithuanians. They have Polishness complex, which is the result of historical claims between two countries and also identifying Polishness with prestige. The subject of presented analysis; relations between Poland and Lithuania; was examined on the strength of mimetic theory of French anthropologist René Girard (1923-).
5
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The Narcissism of Minor Differences in the Context of Post-Imperial Macedonian Neighbouring

51%
Kulavkova K.
Slavia Meridionalis
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2022
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vol. 22
PL
Konfliktowe relacje między sąsiednimi narodami na Bałkanach można bardzo trafnie wyjaśnić teorią narcyzmu małych różnic Z. Freuda. Pokrewne tożsamości w obrębie tych narodów oraz stref przygranicznych między poszczególnymi krajami były i są generatorem napięć na tle rasowym, narodowym, religijnym i kulturowym. Ilekroć dyskurs o tożsamościach ulega radykalizacji, ożywa kulturowa i polityczna hegemonia: tożsamości są szeregowane według wartości; granice są zmieniane zgodnie z tożsamością narodową; stosowane są metody przemocy fizycznej i metafizycznej; współdzielone miejsca pamięci są zawłaszczane, a te, które nie są współdzielone, są negowane. Percepcja znajduje się w kryzysie i w rezultacie sprzyja rozwojowi wzajemnego niezrozumienia, które prowadzi do konfliktów. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest demistyfikacja takich działań o charakterze hegemonicznym w sąsiednim regionie (północnej) Macedonii oraz wyartykułowanie pewnych zasad paradygmatu posthegemonistycznego.
EN
The conflicting relations among neighbouring nations in the Balkans may very accurately be explained by S. Freud’s theory of the Narcissism of Minor Differences. Related identities among nations and the bordering zones between countries have always been and continue to be a generator of racial, national, religious and cultural tensions. Whenever the discourse of identities is radicalized, cultural and political hegemony comes to life: identities are ranked according to worth; borders are changed according to national identity; methods of physical and metaphysical violence are used; shared places of memory are appropriated, and those not shared are negated. Perception is in crisis and, as a result, promotes a kind of conflictual mutual misrecognition. This text aims to demystify such installations of hegemony in the (North) Macedonian neighbouring region, and to articulate some principles of a post-hegemonistic paradigm.
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