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The notion of mixed contract

100%
Krzemiński G.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2010
|
issue 3-4(185-186)
243-271
EN
The issue of mixed contracts in Polish doctrine of civil law returns every now and then. It certainly requires proper solution and proves that attempts at rejecting it as an independent category have not brought us any nearer to solving the problem. For ages, since the Roman times mixed contracts have been the subject matter of thorough analyses and interesting solutions. Also in Polish legal literature the necessity of distinguishing an independent category of mixed contracts has been repeatedly emphasised (see Chapter 2, item 3). Also, many years ago this issue was stressed by M. Sośniak, whose timeless studies were invaluable help when writing this dissertation. A dichotomic division into nominate and innominate contracts imposed on Polish doctrine turned out to be insufficient. This is proved both by the complicated of contemporary contractual relations, which are too difficult to be confined within rigid forms regulated by codes and other acts in the form of nominate contracts, and by caselaw. In the Fascicle 1 (12) 2009 “Studies in Private Law” issued in 2009, Wojciech J. Katner presented an article entitled “The notion of innominate contract” forerunning the publication of the issued in May 2010 Volume 9 Private Law System. Contract Law – innominate contracts. However, the omission of an independent category of mixed contracts in Volume 9 Private Law System, especially for the reason of the reputation of the previous issues, gives rise to disregarding the vast theoretical output related to this category of contracts. Instead of using the output – it is rejected as useless, in the name of maintaining the correctness of logical division without paying more attention to the doctrine analysis. No one doubts the fact that mixed contracts do not manifest full constructive novelty, which constitutes a distinctive feature of innominate contracts. Mixed contracts are more or less a coherent blend of the previously appearing contract elements. The point is, this blend should be so coherent (as opposed to nexus of contracts) that it could justify the existance of a separate, independent contract. The issue raised in this dissertation aims at outlining the extensive theoretical output connected with this category of contracts as well as indicating how it can be used when classifying such such contracts as either a mixed or an innominate contract with different consequences of that.
2
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CONSERVATION OF MUSEUM OBJECTS AS AN EMPLOYEE’S PIECE OF WORK AND AS AN OBJECT OF CIVIL LAW OBLIGATION

88%
Gredka-Ligarska I.
Muzealnictwo
|
2019
|
vol. 60
218-224
EN
The paper contains analysis of the legal relationships that constitute the basis of museum objects’ conservation. In the introductory part a brief presentation of the essence of conservation as a process always aimed at the object’s good is contained. It is reminded that views on a creative effect of conservation projects have already been well rooted in the doctrine. The basic topic of considerations is the legal analysis of an Employment Contract and Civil Law Contract to conduct conservation. It is the two, analysed in the perspective of museum objects’ conservation, that are of major importance for museum practice. Furthermore, employee’s piece of work resulting from museum objects’ conservation is analysed as a creative activity of individual nature. The specificity of a Contract to Conduct Conservation is presented, which has been qualified as a mixed contract, combining elements of a Specific-Task Contract and Deposit Contract.
3
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Problem z pojęciem umowy sprzedaży w nowej ustawie o prawach konsumenta – zagadnienie umów mieszanych z obowiązkiem świadczenia usługi

63%
Zoll F.
|
2014
|
vol. 3
|
issue 4
8-20
PL
Artykuł dotyczy problemu implementacji dyrektywy o prawach konsumentów do polskiego system prawnego. Podstawowym przedmiotem analizy jest art. 2 pkt 5 dyrektywy i jego implementacja. Polski ustawodawca wydał odrębną ustawę o prawach konsumenta. Niektóre regulacje zostały jednak umieszczone w kodeksie cywilnym. Powstaje pytanie dotyczące wzajemnych relacji między przepisami w dwóch różnych aktach prawnych. Przepis implementujący art. 2 pkt 5 dyrektywy został umieszczony w tej odrębnej ustawie. Definiuje on umowę sprzedaży, ale obejmuje również umowę mieszaną z obowiązkiem świadczenia usług. Mimo że jego implementacja nastąpiła poza kodeksem cywilnym, odgrywa on istotną rolę jako zasada ogólna w stosunku do implementujących dyrektywę przepisów wdrożonych do kodeksu cywilnego. Ta skomplikowana, wielowarstwowa struktura powoduje szereg problemów dotyczących rzeczywistego zakresu stosowania art. 6 ustawy o prawach konsumenta. Autor podejmuje kwestię metodologii techniki implementacji prawa Unii Europejskiej do skodyfikowanego systemu prawnego.
EN
The paper deals with questions surrounding the transposition of the Consumer Rights Directive into the Polish legal system. The paper focuses on Article 2. No 5. of the Directive and its implementation. The Polish legislator has passed a separated Consumer Rights Act and yet some of the relevant provisions are placed in the Polish Civil Code. Problems arise in the mutual interaction of relevant rules spread in two different legal acts. The national rule implementing Article 2 No. 5 of the Directive has been placed in the Consumer Rights Act. It defines sales contracts but also covers mixed contracts with a service component. Although its implementation has been placed outside the Civil Code, the above provision plays the role of a general rule in relation to the provisions implementing the Directive that have been inserted into the Civil Code. This complex multi-layer structure causes several problems with the actual scope of the application of Article 6 of the Consumer Rights Act. The paper deals also with the methodology of the technique used to implement European law in the codified system.
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