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Polonia Sacra
|
2017
|
vol. 21
|
issue 3(48)
107-128
PL
Postaciami kluczowymi dla monastycyzmu Galii w IV i V wieku są: św. Marcin z Tours, Sulpicjusz Sewer, Jan Kasjan, Romanus i Lupicynius. Monastycyzm galijski odsłania inne podejście niż zasady wypracowane na Wschodzie. W samej Galii wykazuje również pewne zróżnicowanie. Monastycyzm Wschodu charakteryzował się tym, że był zdecydowanie ascetyczno-anachorecki, w odróżnieniu od monastycyzmu galijskiego o nastawieniu apostolsko-ewangelizującym. Oba te podejścia wcale się nie wykluczają, wręcz przeciwnie, uczą zasady jedności w różnorodności. Pokazują, że w życiu monastycznym chodzi o praktykowanie życia oddanego Bogu w pełnym jego wymiarze, zarówno duchowym, jak i cielesnym. Jednakże sposób realizacji tych założeń nie musi być wszędzie jednakowy, na szczyt prowadzi bowiem wiele dróg.
EN
The key figures for Gaul’s monasticism in the fourth and fifth century are: Martin of Tours, Sulpicius Severus, John Cassian, Romanus and Lupicinius. Monasticism in Gaul reveals a different approach to the principles developed in the East. In Gaul itself, some diversity can be observed. Monasticism of the East had a strong ascetic-anchoritic character, unlike Gallic monasticism with its apostolic and evangelical attitude. These two approaches do not contradict each other, quite the reverse, they both teach the principles of unity in diversity. They show that monastic life is about practicing a life devoted to God in its full dimension; both spiritually and bodily. The way of putting into practice these principles does not have to be the same. There are many routes leading to the aim.
EN
The Regula Tarnantensis (The Rule of Tarn) is an interesting and little-known early Christian writing. Most likely, the monastery for which it was established was located on the River Tarn in south-eastern Gaul, and the Rule itself dates back to the 6th century. This research deals with the organizational structure of the monastery, i.e. functions performed by individual monks and the scope of their tasks. The most important person in that community was the abbot who was responsible to God and people for the functioning of the entire monastery, both in spiritual and organizational terms. Important tasks were also in charge of the prior. He shared some of them with the abbot, such as correcting and disciplining the brethren. Moreover, the prior verified the candidates’ reasons for choosing religious life. The other important officials in the monastery were seniores (seniors), who, among other things, provided spiritual care for candidates for the religious community. There was also a house steward, a librarian, a gardener as well as cellarers in charge of provisions for the community. Further, the Rule lists the typical agricultural tasks of monks: plowmen, reapers, vineyard workers and shepherds.
PL
Ciekawym i mało znanym pismem wczesnochrześcijańskim jest Reguła Tarnateńska. Najprawdopodobniej klasztor, dla którego ona powstała, leżał w południowo-wschodniej Galii, samą zaś Regułę datuje się na VI wiek. Przedmiotem badań jest struktura organizacyjna klasztoru, czyli pełnione w nim funkcje przez poszczególnych mnichów i zakres ich zadań. Najważniejszą osobą w tej wspólnocie był opat, odpowiadał przed Bogiem i ludźmi za funkcjonowanie całego klasztoru, zarówno pod względem duchowym jak i organizacyjnym. Istotne zadania należały również do przeora. Niektóre z nich dzielił z opatem, jak chociażby kontrolowanie i dyscyplinowanie mnichów. Przeor weryfikował też powody, którymi kierowali się kandydaci pragnący podjąć życie zakonne. Byli też w klasztorze seniores (starsi), którzy między innymi sprawowali duchową opiekę nad kandydatami do klasztoru. Spotykamy w klasztorze Tarnateńskim również szafarza, bibliotekarza, ogrodnika, magazynierów, którzy dbali o gospodarcze zaplecze wspólnoty. Reguła wymienia także typowo rolnicze zadania mnichów należące do oracza, żniwiarza, uprawiających winnicę i pasterzy.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy statusu prawnokanonicznego monasteru stauropigialnego, czyli takiego domu zakonnego, który, będąc wyłączony spod władzy miejscowego biskupa eparchialnego, jest podporządkowany patriarsze lub arcybiskupowi większemu wschodniego Kościoła katolickiego. Autor prezentuje rys historyczny oraz analizuje istotne elementy instytucji stauropigii. Następnie prezentuje proces tworzenia monasteru stauropigialnego oraz jego usytuowanie kanoniczne względem patriarchy (arcybiskupa większego) i biskupa eparchialnego, jak również możliwość tworzenia federacji tego rodzaju monasterów.
EN
The article concerns the legal and canonical status of the stauropegial monastery, which is such a religious house being excluded from the authority of the eparchial bishop and subordinated to the patriarch or the major archbishop of the Eastern Catholic Church. The author presents the historical overview and analyzes the essential elements of the stauropegion. Then he presents the process of erection of the stauropegial monastery and its canonical position in relations to the patriarch (the major archbishop) and the eparchial bishop, as well as the possibility of erection of the confederation of these kinds of monasteries.
EN
Through His incarnation, Christ sanctified all of material creation, including the human body, which thereby became a channel of God’s grace. This theme of the glorified body is central to patristic and ascetic spirituality. Thus, Climacus adopts a similar attitude and represents the body as a “friend,” an “ally,” an “assistant” and a “defender.” Climacus’ theology in no way negates the meaning of the body though he speaks of three different, yet fundamentally similar, ways of carrying out this ascetic struggle: isolation (apotagê, kseniteia), the “royal” way and mortification. Although the body was destroyed by original sin, it is not by its nature sinful or sacred; but it may be sanctified. John Climacus simply informs his readers that transfiguration is possible here and now.
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PL
Artykuł porusza wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące powstania monastycyzmu. Wskazuje na proces wyodrębnienia się tego ruchu z szeroko rozumianego ascetyzmu. W artykule pojawia się źródłosłów słowa mnich. Ważnym zagadnieniem w tematyce artykułu są także biblij-ne przesłanki wyjścia na pustynię.
EN
The author discusses selected issues related to the origins of monasticism. He indicates the process of emergence of this movement from broadly understood ascetism. In this article there also appears the origin of the word monk. Also, the important issue the article deals with is the biblical exodus to the desert.
EN
This article contains thoughts of Sulpicius Severus (ca 360–420) with regard to the influence of evil spirits on man. Based on the knowledge of St. Martin of Tours, who had much to do with demons. Sulpicius presented a number of human cases of demonic possession by an evil spirit. Most cases he described were about man’s release from possession.Sulpicius Severus was demonstrating that when Satan masters a man he takes away his freedom, a fundamental value, which comes from God. In the face of the numerous cases of enslavement of people by Satan, God’s intervention was needed. Sulpicius was convinced that God has equipped some people to be exorcists, with the gift of releasing the possessed from the power of the devil.
EN
In his writings, Sulpicius Severus (360–420) urged his readers to repentance, so they would not expose themselves to eternal damnation, and therefore not remain in a state of slavery in this life. When a lawyer from Bordeaux encourages penance, He pays special attention to the fact that sin calls for the right punishment. Despite this, Sulpicius is a man full of Christian optimism and he emphasizes mercy that God only offers to those people who admit their sins and undertake an appropriate penance.A striking feature of the Sulpicius message on conversion and penance is that a monk of Aquitaine continually shows the figure of St. Martin. Although he writes that the miracles of driving out demons are performed by the power of the cross of Christ, and that repentance is the work of Jesus’ grace and steadfast faith and trust in God’s help, it seems that for him the person of St. Martin is in the first place, not the Son of God Jesus Christ.
Vox Patrum
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2020
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vol. 76
143-155
PL
W roku 1953 badacz Nowego Testamentu Charles Harold Dodd opublikował swoje dzieło The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel, książkę, która zrewolucjonizowała myślenie o chrześcijańskiej eschatologii. W swym opus vitae Dodd wskazywał, na podstawie Ewangelii według św. Jana, że apokaliptyczne rzeczywistości są już urzeczywistnione w posłudze Jezusa Chrystusa i Jego Apostołów. Na tej podstawie ukuł termin „eschatologia zrealizowana”, w której wszystkie eschatologiczne zapowiedzi o Królestwie Bożym już zostały wypełnione. Tę zrealizowaną eschatologię można dostrzec w różnych rzeczywistościach życia wspólnoty wierzących. W przypadku Hieronima ze Strydonu dostrzegał on eschatologiczną rzeczywistość w życiu mnichów. Niniejszy artykuł ma za zadanie ukazać jakie znaki eschatologiczne obecne są w opisie mniszej wspólnoty zawartej w listach św. Hieronima. Wielokrotnie bowiem w swych listach przywołuje rzeczywistości eschatologiczne jako już obecne w życiu monastycznym. Jest ono dla niego z pewnością swoistym rajem na ziemi i wypełnieniem zapowiedzi eschatologicznych Chrystusa.
EN
In the year 1953, a New Testament scholar named Charles Harold Dodd published a book titled The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel which revolutionized the way of thinking about Christian eschatology. In his opus vitae, Charles Dodd argued based on the Gospel of John that apocalyptic realities are in fact already realised through Jesus and His Apostles’ ministry. On this premise, he coined the term “realized eschatology”, in which all announcements concerning the Kingdom of God had already been realized according to Dodd. This “realized eschatology” can be seen through various realities of everyday life of the community of believers. In the case of Saint Jerome of Stridon, he saw the eschatological reality in the monastic lifestyle. This article aims to show what eschatological signs are present in the description of the monastic community found in the letters of Saint Jerome. For in his letters many times he refers to eschatological realities already present in monastic life, which is for him a kind of paradise on earth and the fulfilment of Christ’s eschatological prophecies.
EN
‘The monk’s Home is his ‘tomb before the tomb… For no one leaves the tomb until the general resurrection. But if some depart, know that they have died’. The monk lives as though dead on the earth yet. Climacus highlights the profound importance of understanding the practices like ‘remembrance of death’ and metaphorical usage of ‘death’ for interpreting the ideals and tools of Christian asceticism. For John Climacus, the event and concept of death provide the organizing logic for ascetic life – principles according to which the monk can make progress by guarding his heart, by repentance and cry, prayer, struggle, and humility.
RU
В настоящей статье представлены избранные литературные произведения авторов современной русской литературы, героем которых является старец или монах-чудотворец. Писатели, представляющие разные поэтики, такие как Людмила Петрушевская, Евгений Водолазкин, Тихон Шевкунов и Майя Кучерская, в своих произведениях обращаются к жанрам религиозной литературы: патерику, житию святых и апофтегме. Интерес современных авторов к герою, непосредственно ориентированному на традицию старца Зосимы из романа Федора Достоевского «Братья Карамазовы», может быть выражением тоски по национальным ценностям, отождествляемым с духовной культурой русского православия и является отражением происходящего сегодня диалога между религиозной и светской литературой.
EN
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wybrane utwory literackie autorów współczesnej literatury rosyjskiej, których bohaterem jest starzec, mnich lub cudotwórca. Pisarze reprezentujący różnorodne poetyki, jak Ludmiła Petruszewska, Jewgienij Wodołazkin, Tichon Szewkunow i Maja Kuczerska w swoich utworach odwołują się do gatunków literatury religijnej: pateryku, żywotu świętych i apoftegmatu. Zainteresowanie współczesnych autorów bohaterem, nawiązującym bezpośrednio do tradycji starca Zosimy z powieści „Bracia Karamazow” Fiodora Dostojewskiego, może stanowić wyraz tęsknoty za wartościami narodowymi, utożsamianymi z kulturą duchową rosyjskiego prawosławia oraz jest odzwierciedleniem, odbywającego się aktualnie dialogu pomiędzy literaturą świecką i religijną.
PL
This article presents selected literary works by writers of contemporary Russian literature, whose hero is an elder-monk or miracle man. Writers as Lyudmila Petryshevskaya, Evgeniy Vodolazkin, Tikhon Shevkunov and Maya Kucherskaya in their works refer to the genres of religious literature such as patericon, hagiography and the apophthegma. The author's interest in the character, directly referring to the tradition of Fyodor Dostoyevsky and elder Zosima, from the novel "The Brothers Karamazov" is an expression of longing for national values related to the spiritual culture of Russian Orthodoxy and a reflection of the dialogue between religious and secular literature that is taking place today.
EN
The Book of Psalms is one of the most popular and most read Bible books. For over 2,000 years, both Jews and Christians - including Catholics, Protestants and Orthodox Christians - have been reading it. It is worth emphasizing, however, that this is not an easy book. It was created in a culture foreign to us, in a foreign language (Hebrew - biblical) - it was written by people with a different mentality than ours. Therefor to understand it, you need the right knowledge. Unfortunately, this can only be obtained at theological faculties. It is known, however, that not all Bible readers feel called to study theology. Many exegetes understand this and write comments for them on Bible books, including the Book of Psalms. One of these exegetes is Fr. professor Tomasz M. Dąbek, the author of the book: To pray with Psalms, which was published in 2019 in Tyniec–Krakow. He divided his dissertation into several parts, which he titled: Introduction (pp. 7–8), Psalter as a prayer book of the People of God of the First Covenant (pp. 9–44), Psalms in the New Testament (pp. 45–58), Psalter as a prayer book to monks, consecrated persons and clergy (pp. 59–68), Psalter in the liturgy and in the personal prayer of a Christian (pp. 69–74), Thoughts about some Psalms (pp. 75–94), Summary (pp. 95–96) and Bibliographic proposals (pp. 97–98). This review presents his book.
Vox Patrum
|
2014
|
vol. 62
471-492
EN
Prayer was a basic goal of the lives of Christian monks. Historia religiosa by Theodoretus of Cyrus conveys a lot of valuable information on the subject of prayer of Syrian ascetics. The bishop of Cyrus used the notion of prayed to refer to any kind of requests and begging or thanksgiving and admiration. Theodoretus recorded particularly numerous examples of recoveries, which occurred by dint of intercessive prayer of ascetics. Monks prayed at different times of a day and in various postures (standing, lying or kneeling), they were also familiar with many kinds of prayer and addressed God with varied intentions. Historia religiosa in­forms us as well about gestures that accompanied prayers, such as bows, raising arms and eyes to the sky and places where it could be said. An important issue discussed by Theodoretus was the time of praying. In Historia religiosa we can find references to the ideal of incessant prayer and to morning and evening prayers typical for Christians. The aim of prayer was to help ascetics control their bodily needs, it drew the mind of an ascetic towards God, tearing them, at the same time, from worldly issues. Prayer was also a reflection of monk’s faith, since through it, they worshipped God, referred to him their requests and thanksgiving.
Vox Patrum
|
2013
|
vol. 59
129-150
EN
According to the researchers, Origen († 254) was the author of the Homilies on the Book of Psalms, whereas Jerome († 420) was their translator into Latin. Based on the above work, we have determined who are the devil and demons. These spirits of wickedness, after rebellion directed against God, were expelled from heaven and they stay in a terrible place, in hell. The Devil and his army are doing everything to separate man from God and make him his friend. This happens when man rejects God’s commandments and commits sin. The author, aware of human weaknesses, stresses the possibility of returning to God through repentance and penance. The forgiveness of sins became possible by the saving passion, death and resurrection of Christ. We wish to stress a strong christocentrism in the teaching of Origen – Jerome. Analysis of the text of the Homilies indicates authorship of Origen with the exception of places with information about Arius and monks, which indicates authorship of Jerome or these are only his notes made during translation of the Origen’s Homilies from Greek into Latin.
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