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EN
The idea of identity and national consciousness are sociological and political concepts that are connected with normative acts, in particular with the Constitution. These concepts involve the problem of national and ethnic minorities. The sense of national identity is associated with a sense of belonging to the nation and it applies to individuals, has the character of a personal right, and is associated with identification with the national community. The material scope of national identity is difficult to determine; however, it contains access to widely understood cultural goods. The article 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland draws attention to the components of national identity. This article lists freedom to preserve and develop one’s own language, to maintain customs and traditions, to develop one’s own culture, as well as the possibility of creating educational and cultural institutions for protection of religious identity. In the light of the analyzed views of doctrine, jurisprudence and international standards, it seems that there is no doubt that the concept of a nation in the Polish Constitution is not ethnic. Such an ethnic meaning may have the notion of a national minority.
PL
Przełom XVIII i XIX w. ukształtował porządek liberalno-kapitalistyczny, tworząc społeczno-polityczną kategorię wolności obywatelskiej oraz świadomości narodowej i etnicznej. Globalne konflikty w XX w. zapoczątkowały nowy ład polityczny i doprowadziły do podziału świata na dwa obozy. Podstawowym dokumentem regulującym prawa mniejszości jest Konwencja Praw Człowieka. Polska przyjęła Konwencję Ramową Rady Europy o Ochronie Mniejszości Narodowych z 1989 r. – znaczący dokument regulujący ich prawa. W Polsce odnotowuje się ok. 100 ważniejszych organizacji mniejszościowych, które integrują społeczności wokół religii, sfer obrzędowości i języka narodowego.
EN
“Institutionalization” as a concept of political science concerns the development of civilization included in the broad spectrum. The origins reached the fourth millennium BC. An important turning point in institutional governance occurred in the early Middle Ages, when Christian Universalism came to the fore. An important stage of the institutionalization’s development was the English Great Charter of Liberties of 1215 and later: the American Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries formed the liberal and capitalist order by creating the social and political category of civil liberty and national and ethnic awareness. Global conflicts of the twentieth century started the new political order and lead to division of the world into two camps; dichotomy of East and West is currently in transformation and this promotes the aspirations of local communities to self-determination. The main document regulating the rights of minorities is European Convention on Human Rights of 1953 (ECHR). There are more than 100 national groups in Europe, which contributes to the rise of conflicts and phobias. The minority life is patronized i.e. by Federal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and The Athens Charter of Rights of Minorities. Poland has adopted the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of 1989 – the significant document regulating their rights. Around 100 more important minority organizations in Poland integrate these communities into religion, rituals and national language.
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