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Pojedynki władców: zagadnienie komunikacji rytualnej

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Tafiłowski P.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

2016

vol. 15

issue 2

81-101

The paper seeks to explain the significance of the phenomenon, which were the duels of monarchs. They appear to be best understood if analyzed in the context of ritual communication. Challenges to monarchs to fight a duel, although none actually took place, were widespread gestures from antiquity to the modern times. They are known from many documented, literary (Iliad) and iconographic sources and also from chronicles. It appears, however, that historians have not so far devoted proper attention to them and failed to correctly interpret this problem and explain it adequately. The present study is an attempt to look at the subject from a new angle.

W tekście podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia znaczenia zjawiska, jakim były pojedynki władców. Wydaje się, że najlepiej zrozumieć je można, umieszczając je w kontekście komunikacji rytualnej. Wezwania do pojedynków władców, choć faktycznie nigdy żaden się nie odbył, były gestami rozpowszechnionymi od starożytności aż do czasów nowożytnych. Znamy je z licznych źródeł dokumentowych, literackich (Iliada) oraz ikonograficznych, a także z kronik. Wydaje się jednak, że dotychczas historycy nie poświęcili im należytej uwagi i nie zdołali tego zagadnienia prawidłowo odczytać oraz należycie wyjaśnić. Próba nowego spojrzenia na tę tematykę podjęta została w prezentowanym artykule.

Monarchs’ Names and Numbering in the Second Bulgarian State

100%

Mladjov I.

Studia Ceranea

2015

vol. 5

267-310

The article explores the onomastic practices of medieval Bulgarians, focusing on the Second Bulgarian State, from the late 12th to the early 15th century. The collected evidence suggests that soon after their conversion to Christianity, Bulgarians abandoned the attested pre-Christian clan names. Yet, despite the undeniable strength of Byzantine cultural influence, neither aristocrats nor commoners in Bulgaria seem to have adopted Byzantine-type family names, nor, for that matter, making recourse to the use of patronymics as found among the Eastern and other Southern Slavs. Thus, for example, the name Asen became a true family name only among members of the royal family living in Byzantium. More generally, the few cases of family names or patronymics apparently applied to medieval Bulgarians, seem to be restricted to a foreign context. While family names and patronymics do not seem to have been employed in Christian Medieval Bulgaria, many individuals (at least where males are concerned) appear to have sported double names, composed almost invariably of a baptismal Christian name paired with a folk name usually derived from Slavic or even Bulgar tradition. This practice included Bulgaria’s monarchs, most of whom had such double names that should not be misinterpreted as family names or patronyms, as often done in the past. Specific names did, however, function as indicators for belonging within a particular lineage, as witnessed by the propagation of names like Asen, Terter, Šišman, and Sracimir. Thus, while these cannot be considered true family names, we could continue to use them as expedients to designate the ruling clans of Medieval Bulgaria (e.g., the House of Terter), albeit recognizing this to be a modern label. These considerations not only elucidate another aspect of cultural practice in Medieval Bulgaria, but also allow and necessitate a relatively inobtrusive emendation and systematization of the historiographical nomenclature of Medieval Bulgarian monarchs. Discarding the notion of family names and recognizing foreign patronymics for what they are, it becomes possible to recover the actual results of dynastic name selection, as well as the rationale behind them.

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1 Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

1 Studia Ceranea

1 Mladjov I.

1 Tafiłowski P.

1 2016

1 2015

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Pojedynki władców: zagadnienie komunikacji rytualnej

Monarchs’ Names and Numbering in the Second Bulgarian State