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Norwid wobec Rosji. O koncepcji presji moralnej

100%

Niewczas Ł.

Studia Norwidiana

|

2023

|

vol. 41

45-58

EN

This article discusses the concept of “moral pressure”, developed by Norwid during the January Uprising. Moral pressure was to constitute the main weapon in the ideological struggle postulated by the poet. Norwid strongly criticised the unilateral reliance of Poles on armed struggle, while utterly (as he claimed) neglecting the ideological struggle. Moral pressure was to constitute a kind of systemic and multifaceted propaganda-like influence on Russia and Europe in order to make them realise that any progress towards the democratisation of Russia takes place through Polish mediation. However, the tragedy of the Polish situation is that this mediation usually involves Polish sacrifice and the violation of Polish rights. The article presents a diachronic perspective on the formation of this concept and its hidden paradoxes that remained unnoticed by Norwid.

PL

Artykuł omawia koncepcję „presji moralnej”, wypracowaną przez Norwida w okresie powstania styczniowego. Presja moralna stanowić miała główny oręż w ramach postulowanej przez poetę walki ideowej. Norwid poddawał bowiem ostrej krytyce jednostronne oparcie się Polaków na walce zbrojnej, przy całkowitym (jak twierdził) zaniedbaniu walki ideowej. Presja moralna stanowić miała rodzaj systemowego i wieloaspektowego propagandowego oddziaływania na Rosję i Europę w celu uświadomienia, że jakikolwiek postęp w kierunku demokratyzacji Rosji odbywa się za polskim pośrednictwem, przy czym tragizm polskiego położenia polega na tym, że jest to z reguły pośrednictwo oparte na polskiej ofierze, pogwałceniu praw Polaków. Autor artykułu omawia w perspektywie diachronicznej kształtowanie się tej koncepcji i jej ukryte, niedostrzeżone przez Norwida, paradoksy.

2

Norwid jako strateg w kontekście rozważań o walce i wojnie

51%

Kasperski E.

Studia Norwidiana

|

2015

|

vol. 33

51-76

EN

Norwid’s deliberations about strategy were not a very well known but important and inventive current in his thought and literary work. In his concise essay La philosophie de la guerre, in the rhapsody Fulminant and in numerous poems, poetical digressions, remarks, notes and memorials the writer defined strategy as a domain of knowledge, a kind of art and a practical skill, necessary to reach long-range historical aims, and especially – in the particular situation of the partitions of Poland and in the face of the lost uprisings – to conduct an efficient struggle for independence, ending in a success. Opposing the long-term planning and strategic actions to a war, a battle, a skirmish and short-term plots – or in one word: to “bloody episodes, “convulsive straining”, futile martyrdom and fatalities, Norwid advocated a peaceful struggle carried on incessantly and consistently, a struggle that aimed at realizing positive human values, and not selfish goals. He thought that this kind of “struggle is a normal task of Humanity” and a universal law of history; whereas bloody war – is a license and an exception, acceptable only in the situation of a “just war”, in defense of universal values that were vio¬lated. According to this conception the writer contrasted the “soldier’s” attitude capable of he-roism first of all in everyday life and everyday work, with the “marauding soldier’s” one, taking one’s anger out on other people in aggression, violence; one greedy for blood and revenge. Hence in Norwid’s understanding it was the ability to predict and forestall events and to take precautionary measures in time that was the essence of strategy. He also connected successful strategy with working out and keeping to “a perfectly well conceived plan” that, owing to earlier preparations, concentrating the means in the right place and time, as well as to well thought out maneuvers, eliminated or reduced to a necessary minimum the use of physical force and violence towards the opponent. The basis of strategy was then formed by a long-range intellectual conception, and also by the ability to carry on struggle with various means, including also struggle “on the field of the idea” and “on the field of the word”.

3

Norwid jako strateg w kontekście rozważań o walce i wojnie

51%

Kasperski E.

Studia Norwidiana

|

2015

|

vol. 33

51-76

EN

Norwid’s deliberations about strategy were not a very well known but important and inventive current in his thought and literary work. In his concise essay La philosophie de la guerre, in the rhapsody Fulminant and in numerous poems, poetical digressions, remarks, notes and memorials the writer defined strategy as a domain of knowledge, a kind of art and a practical skill, necessary to reach long-range historical aims, and especially – in the particular situation of the partitions of Poland and in the face of the lost uprisings – to conduct an efficient struggle for independence, ending in a success. Opposing the long-term planning and strategic actions to a war, a battle, a skirmish and short-term plots – or in one word: to “bloody episodes, “convulsive straining”, futile martyrdom and fatalities, Norwid advocated a peaceful struggle carried on incessantly and consistently, a struggle that aimed at realizing positive human values, and not selfish goals. He thought that this kind of “struggle is a normal task of Humanity” and a universal law of history; whereas bloody war – is a license and an exception, acceptable only in the situation of a “just war”, in defense of universal values that were violated. According to this conception the writer contrasted the “soldier’s” attitude capable of he-roism first of all in everyday life and everyday work, with the “marauding soldier’s” one, taking one’s anger out on other people in aggression, violence; one greedy for blood and revenge. Hence in Norwid’s understanding it was the ability to predict and forestall events and to take precautionary measures in time that was the essence of strategy. He also connected successful strategy with working out and keeping to “a perfectly well conceived plan” that, owing to earlier preparations, concentrating the means in the right place and time, as well as to well thought out maneuvers, eliminated or reduced to a necessary minimum the use of physical force and violence towards the opponent. The basis of strategy was then formed by a long-range intellectual conception, and also by the ability to carry on struggle with various means, including also struggle “on the field of the idea” and “on the field of the word”.

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Norwid wobec Rosji. O koncepcji presji moralnej

Norwid jako strateg w kontekście rozważań o walce i wojnie

Norwid jako strateg w kontekście rozważań o walce i wojnie