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  1. 1 Sitarz O.

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Protection of Christian values – penal populism or a rational decision on criminalization?

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Sitarz O.
Archiwum Kryminologii
|
2021
PL
Arguments referring to natural law, (public) morality, religion or Christian values are very often put forward in debates on the existing or planned criminal law provisions criminalizing specific behavior. A prohibition on behavior contrary to the scriptures or the teaching of the Church on pain of criminal penalties encompasses not only abortion, but also euthanasia, (paid) surrogate motherhood, paid donation of organs for transplantation, sterilization, contraception, prostitution and bigamy. The arguments presented for the protection of Christian values are oftentimes correlated with the protection of human dignity. This article seeks to address the issue whether such a "pre-legislative" measure (reliance on the protection of Christian values) is a form of penal populism. Parliamentary and non-parliamentary discussions conducted during work on the particular provisions of the Criminal Code were form the basis for analysis, with particular emphasis placed on arguments in favor of criminalization of the aforementioned behavior. The findings were confronted with the concept of legal interest in criminal law and the concept of human dignity in the Polish legal system (and its place in repressive law). The said "religious values" and the need to protect them were subject to analysis conducted against this background and underpinned by the constitutional principle of proportionality of the limitation of human rights and freedoms. The operational tools were not only established definitions of populism, including penal populism, and a Weber’s ideal type, i.e. a set of empirically perceived properties of populist style and perspective, sometimes called "the populist syndrome." The ultimate objective of this article was to establish whether the cases under analysis involve religious populism or a rational decision on criminalization.   W toku debat nad istniejącymi lub projektowanymi przepisami prawa karnego, kryminalizującymi konkretne zachowania, niezmiernie często przywoływane są argumenty odwołujące się do prawa naturalnego, moralności (publicznej), religii czy wartości chrześcijańskich. Zabronienie pod groźbą kary zachowań sprzecznych z pismem świętym lub z nauczaniem Kościoła tyczy już nie tylko aborcji, ale też eutanazji, (odpłatnego) macierzyństwa zastępczego, odpłatnego dawstwa organów do transplantacji, sterylizacji, antykoncepcji, prostytucji, bigamii. Przywoływana przy tym argumentacja ochrony wartości chrześcijańskich jest często skorelowana z ochroną godności ludzkiej. W pracy podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy taki zabieg „prelegislacyjny” (powoływanie się na ochronę wartości chrześcijańskich) jest formą populizmu penalnego. Podstawą analizy stanowiłydyskusje (parlamentarne i pozaparlamentarne) toczone w trakcie prac nad konkretnymi przepisami kodeksu karnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem argumentacji na rzecz kryminalizacji przywołanych zachowań. Ustalenia te zostały skonfrontowane z jednej strony pojęciem dobra prawnego w prawie karnym, z drugiej – z pojęciem godności ludzkiej w polskim systemie prawa (i jego miejsca w prawie represyjnym). Na tym tle ulokowano tytułowe „wartości religijne” i potrzebę ich ochrony. Zaś fundamentem tych rozważań stała się konstytucyjna zasada proporcjonalności ograniczania praw i wolności człowieka. Narzędziami operacyjnymi były nie tylko wypracowane definicje populizmu, w tym populizmu penalnego, ale także pewien weberowski typ idealny, czyli zestaw empirycznie postrzegalnych właściwości stylu i perspektywy populistycznej, określany czasem mianem „syndromu populistycznego”. W ostateczności, sformułowana została odpowiedź na pytanie – czy w omawianych przypadkach mamy do czynienia z religijnym populizmem czy racjonalną decyzją kryminalizacyjną.
EN
Arguments referring to natural law, (public) morality, religion or Christian values are very often put forward in debates on the existing or planned criminal law provisions criminalizing specific behavior. A prohibition on behavior contrary to the scriptures or the teaching of the Church on pain of criminal penalties encompasses not only abortion, but also euthanasia, (paid) surrogate motherhood, paid donation of organs for transplantation, sterilization, contraception, prostitution and bigamy. The arguments presented for the protection of Christian values are oftentimes correlated with the protection of human dignity. This article seeks to address the issue whether such a "pre-legislative" measure (reliance on the protection of Christian values) is a form of penal populism. Parliamentary and non-parliamentary discussions conducted during work on the particular provisions of the Criminal Code were form the basis for analysis, with particular emphasis placed on arguments in favor of criminalization of the aforementioned behavior. The findings were confronted with the concept of legal interest in criminal law and the concept of human dignity in the Polish legal system (and its place in repressive law). The said "religious values" and the need to protect them were subject to analysis conducted against this background and underpinned by the constitutional principle of proportionality of the limitation of human rights and freedoms. The operational tools were not only established definitions of populism, including penal populism, and a Weber’s ideal type, i.e. a set of empirically perceived properties of populist style and perspective, sometimes called "the populist syndrome." The ultimate objective of this article was to establish whether the cases under analysis involve religious populism or a rational decision on criminalization.
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