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Stoicka pneuma a Pawłowa koncepcja Ducha w Rz 8. Cz.2: Paweł i stoicy na temat Ducha – podobieństwa i różnice

100%
Kowalski M.
The Biblical Annals
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2018
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vol. 8
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issue 4
491-543
EN
In the second part of the article the author draws comparison between the Stoic and Pauline notion of pneuma. First, the stoic and cognate medical views on the Spirit/spirit are presented. According to them, pneuma functions as the principle of life, cognitive entity, element binding the cosmos, responsible for unifying various bodies, and passing the image of the father on his progeny. The stoic categories and phenomenology of pneuma are then applied to Rom 8. A notorious difficulty in distinguishing between the divine and human spirit, the cognitive, life-giving and unifying faculties of pneuma bespeak the similarity between the stoic and Pauline thought. Yet, the relationship seems to be rather formal and limited to the use of the same language. Paul goes well beyond both the stoic and Jewish concepts of pneuma, presenting the Spirit as introducing the believers into the community with God, enabling them to imitate Jesus, granting the life of resurrection, interceding for Christians and making them brothers and sisters. Two more functions of the Spirit, his abiding in the believers and his ability to imprint in them God’s image, open more promising venues for comparison between Paul and the stoics. The stoic idea of krasis and popular philosophical and medical views on procreation may help to understand how Paul and his audience imagined the Sprit dwelling in Christians and making them conform to the image of Christ. The article ends with a reflection on the applicability of the stoic notions of pneuma  to Rom 8.  
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Zerwanie z tradycją czy niezbędny rozwój? Dwa sposoby rozumienia posynodalnej adhortacji Amoris laetitia

88%
Schockenhoff E.
Teologia i Moralność
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2018
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vol. 13
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issue 1(23)
11-23
EN
In his apostolic letter Pope Francis underlines indeed the connection with the statements of his predecessors, but he performs also an important paradigm shift in the tradition of the Church concerning the marriage and the family. This step allows the new approach to remarried people after the breakdown of their sacramental marriage. This paradigm shift concerns not only such situations but the marital and familial ethics as a whole. The pope encourages to respect towards the judgment of the spouses conscience and expresses his extensive skepticism towards the deductive methods in the moral considerations. In the previous Church teaching with the help of these methods,  conclusions concerning every single situation were derived from general truths. According to the Pope Francis the logics of marginalization and exclusion can no longer be the way of the Church. As the Pope says, the Church cannot throw the moral laws like stones at the people who do not follow the ideals. They should be rather invited to make next steps on the way of love, which they recognize in their conscience as an answer to the God’s call, here and now.
PL
W swojej adhortacji papież Franciszek podkreśla wprawdzie powiązanie z wypowiedziami poprzedników, dokonuje jednak w ramach tradycji Kościoła dotyczącym małżeństwa i rodziny istotnej zmiany paradygmatu. Umożliwia to nowe podejście do osób, które zawarły nowy związek po rozpadzie sakramentalnego małżeństwa. Zmiana paradygmatu dotyczy nie tylko kwestii powtórnie zaślubionych po rozwodzie, ale w ogóle etyki małżeńsko-rodzinnej. Papież zachęca do respektowania osądu sumienia małżonków, wyrażając daleko idący sceptycyzm wobec metody dedukcyjnej w kwestiach moralnych, w ramach której w dotychczasowym nauczaniu Kościoła z prawd ogólnych wyprowadzano daleko idące wnioski dla każdej pojedynczej sytuacji. Zdaniem Franciszka logika marginalizacji i potępienia nie może już określać drogi Kościoła. Nie może on rzucać moralnymi prawami jak kamieniami w życie osób, którzy nie we wszystkim są zgodni z ideałem, ale raczej powinien ich zaprosić do czynienia na drodze miłości dalszych kroków, które w swoim sumieniu rozpoznają jako tu i teraz możliwą odpowiedź na wezwanie Boże.
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