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Variation of Ergativity Patterns in Indo-Aryan

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EN
Ergativity in the Indo-Aryan languages is a very intricate phenomenon. At the morphological level, we can observe a certain continuum, from disappearance of ergativity to its reinforcement. The first tendency is clearly visible not only in Eastern Hindi and Bihari dialects, but also in Western Rajasthani. The second tendency can be noted in the Pahari dialects. Somewhere in between are the Western Hindi dialects, which have introduced analytical marking for agent and patient. The transitional character of ergativity in Indo-Aryan can be observed in considering the alignment of the three syntactic-semantic Dixonian primitives, namely A, S, and O (Dixon 1979; 1994). It appears that, in fact, all possible alignments are traceable, even that in which A and O receive the same marking and which has been excluded by typologists (Comrie 1978). However, extending the Dixonian three-primitive system by Obi. (Klimov 1983), we can also observe that the same treatment of A and Obi. (perceived as one of the implications of ergativity) is shared by, for example, early Rajasthani, contemporary Pahari and Western Hindi, where it is closely connected with the polyfunctionality of the ergative postposition.
IT
In questo contributo affrontiamo i costrutti formati da “nome + da + infinito”, p. es. macchina da scrivere, macchina da cucire e altri. Nel corso del Novecento, espressioni come quelle appena menzionate sono state giudicate sbagliate da una certa tradizione grammaticale; al loro posto, secondo questi grammatici, si sarebbero dovuti usare i costrutti concorrenti formati con la preposizione “per”, cioè macchina per scrivere, macchina per cucire ecc. Questa posizione ha influenzato almeno una generazione di discenti ed è stata contestata dagli storici della lingua, i quali hanno mostrato che le forme con la preposizione “da” sono ben attestate fin dall’italiano antico, p. es. tavolo da giocare, armi da combattere, pancha da sedere, cane da combattere. Ciò che finora non è stato fatto è cercare una spiegazione in termini linguistici di questa apparente contraddizione. La soluzione può essere trovata prendendo in considerazione una rianalisi sintattica che si è verificata nel passaggio dall’italiano antico all’italiano contemporaneo. Tale rianalisi interessa il fenomeno della transitività: mentre nell’italiano antico il ruolo sintattico del nome che regge “da + infinito” non aveva nessuna rilevanza nella formazione del costrutto, nell’italiano contemporaneo tale nome deve corrispondere al complemento diretto del verbo all’infinito (p. es. libro da leggere, cf. leggere il libro, ma *coltello da tagliare, cf. *tagliare il coltello). Forme come macchina da scrivere sono sopravvissute alla restrizione in quanto polirematizzate, pertanto avvertite come unità non separabili.
EN
In this paper, we deal with constructions featuring a noun followed by “da + infinitive”, such as macchina da scrivere and macchina da cucire. During the 20th century, such phrases were considered wrong by some grammarians; the rule that grammarians proposed instead was to modify such constructions by replacing the preposition da with the preposition per, as in macchina per scrivere and macchina per cucire. As a matter of fact, this prescription influenced at least one generation of students, as can be seen in posts and discussions found on websites and in grammar questions addressed to linguists. Historical linguists reject such a prescription, showing that constructions with da frequently are found in Old Italian texts, as in tavolo da giocare, armi da combattere, pancha da sedere, and cane da combattere. Until now, there have been no attempts to provide a linguistic explanation of the state of things. The apparent contradiction can be solved if one takes into account a syntactic re-analysis that took place within the transition from Old to Modern Italian: the syntactic role of the name preceding “da + infinitive” has no relevance in Old Italian; on the contrary, in Modern Italian, the name must correspond to the direct object of the infinitive (i.e., libro da leggere, cf. leggere il libro, but *coltello da tagliare, cf. *tagliare il coltello). Phrases like macchina da scrivere were not affected by such a restriction, as they are phrasemes, hence perceived as a unity.
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