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Gerundio español e imiesłów polaco: aproximación a un estudio morfosintáctico contrastivo

100%
Pawłowska M.
Studia Iberystyczne
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2012
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vol. 11
147-163
EN
The goal of this paper is to compare spanish gerundio and polish adverbial imiesłów. We examine the morphological characteristics, origin and development of these word classes. Then we focus on it’s syntactic behaviour and we present some examples of discrepancies between the two languages.
2
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Natural Syntax: English Relative Clauses1

100%
Orešnik J.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 1
61-101
EN
Natural Syntax is a developing deductive theory, a branch of Naturalness Theory. The naturalness judgements are couched in naturalness scales, which follow from the basic parameters (or "axioms") listed at the beginning of the paper. The predictions of the theory are calculated in what are known as deductions, whose chief components are a pair of naturalness scales and the rules governing the alignment of corresponding naturalness values. Parallel and chiastic alignments are distinguished, in complementary distribution. Here almost only chiastic alignment is utilized, this being mandatory in derivations limited to unnatural environments. (This paper deals with relative clauses, which are dependent clauses, an area of low naturalness in Natural Syntax.)The exemplification is taken from English. The chief aim is to solicit predictions about various aspects of relative clauses. For instance, the known fact is made predictable that more English relative clauses are finite than non-finite. The most frequent issues addressed in the deductions are acceptability judgements, the behaviour of subordinators, the difference between integrated and supplementary clauses, movement ex situ, etc.Some related work: Orešnik (2003a, b; 2004; 2007 [with Varja Cvetko-Orešnik]; 2007).
3
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Natural Syntax: Negation in English

100%
Orešnik J.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
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2007
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vol. 43
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issue 1
97-111
EN
Natural Syntax is a developing deductive theory, a branch of Naturalness Theory. The naturalness judgements are couched in naturalness scales, which follow from the basic parameters (or "axioms") listed at the beginning of the paper. The predictions of the theory are calculated in "deductions", whose chief components are a pair of naturalness scales and the rules governing the alignment of corresponding naturalness values. Parallel and chiastic alignments are distinguished, in complementary distribution. Here almost only chiastic alignment is utilized, the latter being mandatory in derivations limited to unnatural environments. (This paper deals with negation, a phenomenon of low naturalness in Natural Syntax.)The exemplification is taken from English. The following pairs of variants are dealt with in deductions: (1) Is there somebody else? vs. Is there nobody else? (2) Nobody vs. nothing. (3) She is not lazy vs. She does not like ice cream. (4) Absence vs. presence of not with no and any. (5) The adverb nowhere clause-initially and clause-internally. (6) Nowhere expressing rest and movement. (7) Pronouns with no- used as subject or object vs. pronouns with any- used as object. (8) Not with finite and non-finite verbs. (9) He hadn't vs. he didn't have. (10) The adverb never in situ and ex situ. (11) No money vs. not any money in conversation. (12) The determiner no vs. the pronoun none.
4
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Nominal phrase structure in Ikyaushi (M.402)

100%
Spier T. E.
Studies in African Languages and Cultures
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2022
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issue 56
31-47
EN
Linguistic treatments of Bantu languages have traditionally focused on broadly historical/comparative studies or on prototypical characteristics of the family, such as the nominal class system, the complexity of the verbal TAM system, or the tonal system. Consequently, far less attention has been placed upon the nominal phrase as a syntactic unit. To this end, Rugemalira (2007) proposes greater emphasis on Bantu morphosyntax generally. As such, the present study – situated within a broader discussion of the Bantu NP (cf. Chitebeta 2007, Godson & Godson 2015, Lusekelo 2009, Makanjila 2019, Möller 2011, Ondondo 2015, Rugemalira 2007) – builds upon Spier (2016, 2020, 2021) and intro-duces the first descriptive account of the nominal phrase in Ikyaushi, an underdocumented linguistic variety spoken in the Republic of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The data for this study, which arrive from fourteen narratives shared orally by male and female native speakers of the grandparental generation, indicate that seven distinct elements may co-occur with the nominal, but utterances with between one and three co-occurring adnominals are far more frequently attested and more straightforwardly comprehensible to speakers
5

Morfoskładnia w Słowniku właściwych użyć języka

86%
Gębka-Wolak M., Moroz A.
Język Polski
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2021
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vol. 101
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issue 2
17-33
PL
Artykuł zarysowuje teoretyczne podstawy opisu problemów morfoskładniowych w Słowniku właściwych użyć języka. Kluczowym jego elementem jest przedstawienie zasad działania referencyjnego modelu gramatycznego oraz scharakteryzowanie zasadniczych etapów procedury oceny faktów językowych. W pierwszym wypadku punktem odniesienia jest model składni zależności, który oddaje relacje między elementami konstrukcji składniowych, przypisując je do określonego typu powiązania. Z kolei w wypadku procedury oceny dużo większy nacisk kładzie się na rolę kryteriów uzualnych i frekwencję określonych struktur składniowych. Powiązanie obu elementów pozwala natomiast na skonstruowanie w miarę obiektywnej procedury oceniającej.
EN
This article outlines the theoretical basis of describing morphosyntactic problems in The Dictionary of Proper Uses of Language. The main point was to 1) show the principles of the reference grammatical model and 2) to describe the main phases of the procedure of language facts evaluation. In the first case, we refer to the dependency syntax model, which reflects the relationships between the elements of syntactic structures through assigning them to a specific type of binding. In the second case, in contrast to the traditional nor-mative model, the importance of the frequency of the specific syntactic structures is much more underlined. Ultimately, the combination of prevalence and frequency of language elements allows for constructing an objective assessment procedure.
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Morphographies en français contemporain. Place du duel en langue écrite dans Le nombre en français de Jean Dubois et Françoise Dubois-Charlier

86%
Balibar-Mrabti A.
Neophilologica
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2021
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vol. 33
1-19
EN
With the analysis of a textbook case, the inflectional category of dual in contemporary French, this article presents the hypothesis of a rise in morphology among the founding disciplines of grammar in written languages. Through a study of morphographies, this trend is considered here as a result of the emergence and development of so-called electronic dictionaries, with their lexicographical words as entries to access form / meaning associations. We know that these dictionaries, piloted by mixed teams of computer scientists and linguists, impose themselves step by step as major classificatory tools for the most general treatments, in theoretical and applied linguistics, now related in our modernity to the exploitation of large corpora that have become digitised.
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La morfosintassi degli studenti sloveni a livello A2/B1

72%
Bažec H.
Italica Wratislaviensia
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2018
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issue 9.1
11-33
IT
L’obiettivo del presente contributo è fare un’analisi degli errori su un corpus composto da 58 prove di produzione scritta in italiano all'esame di maturità professionale di studenti madrelingua sloveni a livello di competenza A2/B1. L’analisi qualitativa e quella quantitativa hanno l’intento di individuare gli errori più frequenti nel settore della morfosintassi, scoprirne le cause e compararli con i risultati emersi da ricerche simili svolte in precedenza. L’analisi qualitativa è stata effettuata in base a una griglia creata dopo uno studio contrastivo dei sistemi grammaticali dello sloveno e dell’italiano, nonché adattata a quanto realmente riscontrato nel corpus. Le principali cause degli errori risultano essere il transfer negativo dalla L1 e in una piccola percentuale da altre lingue straniere come l’inglese e lo spagnolo, ma anche la strategia della generalizzazione. Il più problematico quantitativamente risulta l’articolo, parte del discorso che lo sloveno non conosce, seguito da vari aspetti nella forma e nell’uso del verbo e dalla preposizione. Altre categorie che oltrepassano l’1% di tutti gli errori individuati e che quindi vengono incluse sono l’accordo tra i costituenti, l’ordine dei costituenti, errori legati a vari usi del pronome, dell’aggettivo, del nome e dell’avverbio. Questa frequenza di errori combacia con le altre ricerche simili svolte in passato, che però includevano studenti L1 appartenenti a diverse lingue slave. Questo fa presupporre che tutti i madrelingua slavi abbiano le stesse difficoltà, e quindi che le differenze nelle strutture grammaticali tra L1 e L2 siano la causa prima degli errori morfosintattici.
EN
The aim of this article is to make an error analysis based on a corpus consisting of 58 written tests in Italian on the vocational maturity exam of Slovene mother-tongue students at an A2/B1 level. The objective of the qualitative and quantitative analysis is to identify the most frequent errors in the field of morphosyntax, to find out the causes, and to compare them with the results that emerged from previous research studies. The qualitative analysis was carried out on the basis of a grid created after I had completed a contrastive study of Slovene and Italian and later adapted to the data that emerged from the corpus. The causes of errors are negative transfer from L1 and in a small percentage from other foreign languages such as English and Spanish, but also the generalisation strategy. Quantitatively, the most problematic part of speech is the article, a part of speech that Slovene does not have, followed by the erroneous form or use of verbs and prepositions. The other categories, which exceed 1% of all errors and are therefore included, are the agreement between constituents, word order, and errors related to different uses of the pronoun, adjective, noun, and adverb. This frequency of errors matches other similar research studies carried out in the past with the difference that other studies included students with different Slavic languages as the L1. This suggests that all Slavic learners have the same problems in Italian written production, therefore the first cause of morphosyntactic errors is the difference in the grammatical structure between L1 and L2.
8
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K užívání recipročního výrazu jeden - druhý v současné češtině

51%
Pergler J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2024
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vol. 85
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issue 1
3-26
EN
The article deals with the use of the reciprocal marker jeden – druhý in contemporary Czech. As I show in the introductory section, although bipartite quantifiers of this type are quite common means of expressing reciprocity across languages, the situation in Czech has not been devoted much attention so far. I thus analyze 1000 randomly selected attestations of the expression jeden – druhý from the SYN2020 corpus, focusing on both their semantic and formal features, including reciprocal/non-reciprocal meaning, type of reciprocity, preposition and case marking of the expression druhý, type of syntactic subject, complexity of the phrase containing jeden/druhý and linearization preferences; correlations between these features are also pointed out. Based on the results of the analysis, I then give a description of five different types of contexts in which jeden – druhý is used and I argue that these structural types can be thought of as successive stages of a grammaticalization process leading to the emergence of reciprocal uses and their gradual spread to new types of contexts; this process includes typical features of grammaticalization such as the decrease in semantic compositionality and morphosyntactic transparency.
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