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EN
This study is devoted to socio-spatial polarisation with regard to the rural environment in Slovakia. In fact, ongoing polarisation processes do not take place only in the rural-urban continuum, but within every single category as well. This is evident especially in the rural environment, which has begun to change significantly in terms of its structure and to diversify to a greater extent. As a result, some parts of the countryside began to stagnate and decline gradually. These parts of the rural environment can thus be referred to as marginal, peripheral. With respect to the proclaimed diversity of the rural environment, this study focuses on selected rural structures, namely mountain areas, the borderland, and the area at the intersection of those two structures. Generally, these parts of the rural environment are often confronted with the phenomenon of marginality and peripherality, and because of the given local predisposition are even more vulnerable to its manifestations. Taking into account the dynamism and multidimensional character of this phenomenon, we can further assume that its manifestation changes in time and space. With the use of ANOVA, we examine a set of selected indicators of socio-spatial polarisation and verify whether and to what extent this dynamism depends on the character of diversified rural structures.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza potencjału innowacyjnego sudeckiego przygranicznego obszaru górskiego (SPOG). W artykule pokazano znaczenie innowacyjności w odniesieniu do regionów jako jednego z głównych priorytetów polityki spójności. Posługując się danymi o liczbie złożonych wniosków patentowych, przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą potencjału innowacyjnego na poziomie jednostek terytorialnych wchodzących w skład sudeckiego przygranicznego obszaru górskiego oraz krajowym. Badania wykazały, że SPOG charakteryzował się niskim poziomem innowacyjności, w szczególności w gałęziach przemysłu, które można uznać za nowoczesne. Artykuł został przygotowany w oparciu o analizę desk research danych wtórnych: raportów, sprawozdań i komunikatów oraz materiałów kartograficznych.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the innovative potential of the Sudeten border mountain area. The article demonstrates that innovation is one of the main priorities of cohesion policy. Using the data on the number of submitted patent applications, a comparative analysis of the innovation potential at the level of territorial units included in the Sudeten border mountain area and at national level was carried out. Studies show that Sudeten border mountain area was characterized by a low level of innovation. The article was prepared on the basis of desk research analysis of secondary data: reports, communicates and cartographic materials.
PL
Turystyka zrównoważona jest takim sposobem zarządzania gospodarką turystyczną, dzięki któremu działalność ta nie powoduje strat ani nieodwracalnych zmian w środowisku przyrod­niczym, a jednocześnie przynosi korzyści zarówno turystom, jak i społecznościom przyjmującym turystów, a także podmiotom świadczącym usługi turystyczne. Szczególnie podatne na antropopresję są obszary górskie, będące jednocześnie terenami wyjątkowo atrakcyjnymi pod względem turystycznym, a przykłady negatywnego wpływu zagospodarowania turystycz­nego i rekreacyjnego na obszary górskie są bardzo liczne. Celem artykułu jest przegląd stosowanych obecnie koncepcji i narzędzi wdrażania zasad turystyki zrównoważonej na obszarach górskich oraz przedstawienie, jakie implikacje dla zagospodarowania turystycznego i aktywności ruchowej na obszarach górskich wynikają z założeń i wytycznych turystyki zrównoważonej. Za punkt wyjścia do analiz przyjęto cele turystyki zrównoważonej UNWTO: realizm ekonomiczny, lokalny dobrobyt, jakość zatrudnienia, równość społeczną, satysfakcję odwiedzających, lokalną kontrolę rozwoju, pomyślność wspólnoty, bogactwo kulturowe, fizyczną integralność, różnorodność biologiczną, efektywność w użytkowaniu zasobów naturalnych oraz czystość środowiska.
EN
Sustainable tourism is characterised by conditions in which economy does not cause losses or irreversible changes in the natural environment, at the same time bringing benefits for both tourists and host communities, as well as providers of tourist services. Mountain areas are particularly susceptible to human pressure, while being very attractive for tourism. There are numerous examples of negative impacts of tourism development on mountain environments and communities. This article presents the implications, concepts and tools for tourism and recreation activity development in mountain areas, which result from the objectives and guidelines of sustainable tourism. The analysis was based on the goals of sustainable tourism according to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO): economic viability, local prosperity, employment quality, social equity, visitor fulfilment, local control, community wellbeing, cultural richness, physical integrity, biological diversity, resource efficiency, and environmental purity.
EN
The article describes the research on the retention capacity of two mountain catchments in the Polish Carpathian Mts. These are the catchments of the Czarna Woda and Biała Woda streams. These catchments are adjacent, have a similar area (about 11 km2 each), but are geographically diverse. Their geomorphology, hydrographic network, soil water permeability and land use were analyzed. The Czarna Woda catchment is a forest catchment, and the Biała Woda catchment is a forest and agricultural catchment with pasture areas. The geographical analysis of the catchment showed that the Czarna Woda catchment most likely has greater retention capacity. Theoretical analyzes were verified on the basis of long-term measurements of flows in both streams. Outflows were calculated for the entire study period (2006-2022), as well as annual, monthly and daily outflows. The measurements were carried out using the overflow method in permanent measurement cross-sections. The total outflow from both catchments was simi-lar, so they had similar water resources. In particular years, months and days, outflow often differed significantly between catchments. It was found that during the periods of increased water runoff (from precipitation, from snowmelt) the outflow from the Biała Woda catchment was higher, while in the periods without precipitation the outflow from the Czarna Woda catchment prevailed. Short-term flood outflows were at least several dozen percent higher in the Biała Woda catchment. The measurement data confirmed that water was better retained in the Czarna Woda catchment and the outflow was slower. Water retention processes in the Czarna Woda catchment allowed to maintain minimum outflows at a level several times higher than in the Biała Woda catchment. The studies have shown that in a very small mountain area there can be a large variation in outflow in individual streams. Retention capacity of the catchment depends on environmental conditions and human activity.
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