The purpose of this paper is to try to show the factors that influence the complexity of perception of the figure of Herod the Great (73-4 B.C.), king of the small Jewish state Judaea in the last three decades before the common era, in Christian tradition and history. The issue will be presented based on biblical sources, works of ancient writers and literature. The basic biblical source will be the exegesis of the pericope about the slaughter of Bethlehem boys up to two years old ordered by Herod the Great, contained in the Gospel according to Matthew (Mat: 2, 16-18). In turn, the fundamental historical information about the reign of this king is provided by Josephus Flavius, a Jewish historian from the first century. The most important ancient source for the rule of Herod written by Flavius Josephus is the Jewish War and the Jewish Antiquities. Both books are based on the history of Nicolaus of Damascus, king Herod's personal secretary. It is very important to verify a great deal of information about Herod the Great. Historians have re-assessed long-held negative opinion about this king and now credit his reign as having had at least some positive effects on Jews and Judaism in his kingdom. They will also be presented in this chapter.
Alcohol abuse causes many negative effects. These often include the loosening of social and professional ties. Alcohol abuse is considered to be one of the risk factors which contributes to criminal actions. By influencing behavioural problems, it potentiates aggression, undermines self-control and contributes to organic changes which result in personality disorders. The study advances a hypothesis that the pathologies which occur in a particular family, especially alcohol abuse, can significantly influence the formation of the personality of a future murderer. These studies have been based on the psychological and psychiatric opinions which are among the records of the District Court in Krosno in cases involving offences under Article 148 and Article 13 § 1 in relation to Article 148 of the Polish Criminal Code (1999–2014). As a result of the study carried out, the hypothesis that most of the murderers belonged to the families which were affected by alcohol abuse has been confirmed. Furthermore, it has been also found that those who abuse alcohol are more prone to become murderers, or victims of murders.
PL
Nadużywanie alkoholu powoduje wiele negatywnych skutków, w tym często rozluźnienie więzów społecznych i zawodowych. Jest uznawane za jeden z czynników sprzyjających przestępczości; wpływając na zaburzenie zachowania, nasila agresję, osłabia samokontrolę, powoduje zmiany organiczne skutkujące zaburzeniami osobowości. W badaniach założono hipotezę, że patologie występujące w rodzinie, w szczególności nadużywanie alkoholu, mogą w sposób znaczący wpływać na kształtowanie się osobowości przyszłego zabójcy. Badania oparto na opiniach psychologicznych i psychiatrycznych znajdująych się w aktach Sądu Okręgowego w Krośnie w sprawach o przestępstwo z artykułu 148 i artykułu 13 § 1 w związku z artykułem 148 k.k. z lat 1998–2014. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań potwierdzona została hipoteza, że większość zabójców pochodziła z rodzin, gdzie nadużywany był alkohol, a nadto, że to osoby nadużywające alkohol częściej niż osoby niepijące stają się zabójcami, bądź ofiarami zabójstw.
Crime novels still belong to the group of the most popular literary genres. Despite predicting the imminent end of detective stories, authors find new forms and new structural solutions. One of the crime novel motifs is to place the child in a central place. What role can such a motif play in such a codified and conventionalized work?Taking into account the generic features of the crime novel, I analyse the following aspects of the child's role in this genre: the child as a co-starring hero with no impact on the plot; the child as a victim and the focus of the investigation is focused; the child as a silent witness in a criminal intrigue; the child as a murderer.
PL
Powieści kryminalne wciąż należą do grona najpoczytniejszego gatunku literackiego. Mimo wieszczenia rychłego końca kryminałów, te znajdują nowe formy i nowe rozwiązania strukturalne. Jednym z motywów powieściowych jest umieszczanie w centralnym miejscu postaci dziecka. Jaką rolę może ona pełnić w tak skodyfikowanym i skonwencjonalizowanym utworze?Biorąc pod uwagę ramy gatunkowe, artykuł analizuje postać dziecka pod następującymi aspektami: dziecko, jako pozbawiony sprawstwa bohater współuczestniczący; dziecko, jako ofiara, wokół której ogniskuje się śledztwo; dziecko, jako niemy świadek w kryminalnej intrydze; dziecko, jako morderca; dziecko, jako detektyw.
The subject of this article is the media image of the perpetrator of the murder and his crimes.The aim of the article is to indicate the discrepancy between the actual picture of the murder and its media representation as well as the characteristics of the differences found. The article contains basic issues regarding the media and statistical data of the Police and the Ministry of Justice statistics regarding this kind of crime. The considerations were supported by the results of quarterly media monitoring, which included 292 criminal reports.
Numerous studies, interviews, observations or probing inquiries and analyses of homicide as a forbidden act allow the investigators to thoroughly distinguish and explore the motives, the personality and the environment of the perpetrator. The act of killing, regardless of the motive, is always conditioned by various factors such as family, upbringing, environment, society, life experiences, diseases, injuries, relations with others, etc. It is, as it can be clearly seen, a wide spectrum, of which the motives and the perpetrator’s functioning in the world constitute only a small part. The motivation is crucially important as it provides us with information about the direct cause of the murder and it allows us to organise the crime of killing into appropriate categories. Homicide can be classified into the following categories based on the type of motive: sexual, economical, emotional and fear factor which is extremely important in the diagnostic process as well as during the stage of making a psychological and personal profile of the perpetrator who killed someone. While analysing the crime, it should be remembered that although we are dealing with people who committed the same kind of crime, it is the different motive that differentiates the offenders both in terms of their personality and in the way they treat their victims. The murder itself is not a spontaneous incident but a lifelong process that might result from the whole range of factors and life situations.
Tematem niniejszego artykułu jest medialny obraz sprawcy zabójstwa i jego zbrodni. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie rozbieżności pomiędzy obrazem faktycznym zabójstwa, a jego medialnym odzwierciedleniem oraz charakterystyka odnalezionych różnic. Artykuł zawiera podstawowe zagadnienia dotyczące mediów oraz dane statystyczne Policji i Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości odnoszące się do tego przestępstwa. Rozważania zostały poparte wynikami kwartalnego monitoringu mediów, który objął 292 doniesienia kryminalne. The subject of this article is the media image of the perpetrator of the murder and his crimes. The aim of the article is to indicate the discrepancy between the actual picture of the murder and its media representation as well as the characteristics of the differences found. The article contains basic issues regarding the media and statistical data of the Police and the Ministry of Justice statistics regarding this kind of crime. The considerations were supported by the results of quarterly media monitoring, which included 292 criminal reports.
EN
The subject of this article is the media image of the perpetrator of the murder and his crimes. The aim of the article is to indicate the discrepancy between the actual picture of the murder and its media representation as well as the characteristics of the differences found. The article contains basic issues regarding the media and statistical data of the Police and the Ministry of Justice statistics regarding this kind of crime. The considerations were supported by the results of quarterly media monitoring, which included 292 criminal reports.
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