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PL
Musicality is central to musical processes and music research. Yet, there is no consensus of what is understood by the term. It can be assumed that in large populations musicality is distributed according to a bell curve - just as any trait of personality. It is also clear that musical skills can be improved, regardless of a possible stigma of unmusicality. Depending on the conception of musicality, musicality research confronts issues and trade-offs relating to ecological validity of the concept (how musicality connects to actual music), methodology (which methods of study yield valid and reliable results), epistemology (how the gain knowledge of musicality), and ontology of music (what processes pertain to music, what not, and what is possible shared). These issues are reflected in the primarily psychological theories and tests of musicality. This article makes an attempt at a Peircean analysis of musicality. It has been suggested that the traditional psychometric approach to musicality is followed by a semiotic approach, and assuming musicality has to do with how subjects make sense in musical processes, the semiotic analysis of musicality is critical. This analysis applies Peirce’s notion of thought-sign and his tenfold classification of the sign (suggesting a three-dimensional exemplification of Peirce’s trichotomous, three dimensional model). The ten classes are differentiated by six transitions, that seem to have their correlates in the psychological understanding of cognition: manifestation, definition, filtering, binding, associating and understanding of the sign. The six transitions appear useful in analyzing the concept of musicality. Correspondingly, the conditions for musical signification extend from ability of auditory sensation to those of dynamical memory, auditory filtering, auditory structuring, association sound objects and ability to understand and manage communicational situations in music. In order to understand musicality, all these aspects should be studied with good ecological and methodological validity in mind.
EN
In the article the features of psycho-emotional state while listening to music. Art of Music is a specific generator is a specific value attitude to the environment that enhances the knowledge of the artistic picture of the world through the transfer of various moods, activates the scope of their own feelings and psychic states of man and can be used as an effective means of self-regulation. During the course of the research was implementation the methodology of Luscher color test. To characterize the impact on the livelihoods of adolescents during the music listening and their emotional sphere was developed a special questioners. Found that in adolescence teens are prefer pop music (43,48 %), the second highest of priority - rock (15,22 %), in third - rap (10,87 %), fourth place is occupied completely opposite in style - classical and electronic music (by 8,7 % of respondents). During the sound of modern music in 84,78 % of cases there is improvement in mood, a sense of excitement, offensive tendencies, high activity, the need to act and achieve success. Listen to classical music evokes a feeling of confidence, perseverance, high efficiency, quietude (58,71 %) and musical «chills» (23,91 %). Music helps to overcome and reduce the discomfort provided negative emotional states for 60,87 % of the surveyed teenagers. Wherein the priority given to classical music (21,74 %), rock music (19,57 %), pop music (17,39 %), rarely used chanson (4,35 %), disco (4,35 %) and country (2,17 %). In contrast to the conventional relaxing influence of music therapy on human organism (with using separate music of classic style), adolescents responded that they reach a state of relaxation by listening to rock music - style (73,91 %) and pop-music (8,7 %). Thus, listening music can be used for correcting the emotional states and emotional response to certain music and aesthetic education of pupils, adaptation of organism to specific, sometimes unusual conditions day to day operations, ensuring adequate physiological formation of the organism. Prospects for further scientific studies should be study the formation of musical tastes as a teenager with the level of anxiety, such as temperament training for several years.
EN
Alongside many benefits, education in a primary music school comes with potential risks, as young musicians often exhibit symptoms of anxiety, stress, and a fear of stage performance. The reason is that students experience frequent social exposure in the form of individual musical public performances – exams, competitions, concerts – during which they are subject to formal evaluation. Bearing in mind that such students constitute a group highly sensitive to the beauty of visual arts, literature, and music, it should be assumed that they require psychological and pedagogical support tailored to their specific needs. For this purpose, the school psychologist, school counselor, as well as other adults significant in a student’s life, can apply non-standard therapeutic methods, communicating with students through the language of art, being the closest to children educated in music. The author, therefore, proposes it to be the language of Joanna Kulmowa. The works of the mentioned poetess have therapeutic functions beneficial for the psyche of young musicians, somewhat fitting into the goals of fairy tale therapy and they introduce students to the world of spiritual and aesthetic values. The article is the first part of a series devoted to the use of Joanna Kulmowa’s creative work in music education. Its purpose is to present and analyze the volume titled “Fairy Tales” in terms of the function it can play in the psychological and pedagogical support of students in a primary music school.
PL
Obok wielu korzyści, edukacja w podstawowej szkole muzycznej wiąże się z czynnikami ryzyka, ponieważ wśród dziecięcych muzyków występują objawy lękowe, stres i trema. Powodem tego jest fakt, że uczniowie doświadczają częstej ekspozycji społecznej w formie indywidualnych muzycznych występów publicznych – egzaminów, konkursów, koncertów, podczas których zostają oni poddani mniej lub bardziej formalnej ocenie oraz rywalizacji. Pamiętając, że uczniowie ci stanowią grupę wysoko wrażliwą na piękno plastyki, literatury, muzyki, przyjąć należy, iż potrzebują oni wsparcia psychologiczno-pedagogicznego dopasowanego do ich szczególnych potrzeb. W tym celu psycholog i pedagog szkolny, a także inne dorosłe osoby, znaczące w życiu ucznia, mogą zastosować niestandardowe metody terapeutyczne, czyli zwrócić się do uczniów językiem sztuki, bo taki dzieciom kształconym muzycznie jest przecież najbliższy. Autorka proponuje zatem, aby był to język poezji Joanny Kulmowej. Utwory wspomnianej poetki posiadają funkcje terapeutyczne, korzystne dla psychiki młodego muzyka, wpisujące się niejako w cele bajkoterapii, oraz wprowadzają one uczniów w świat wartości duchowych i estetycznych. Artykuł jest pierwszą częścią cyklu poświęconego wykorzystaniu twórczości Joanny Kulmowej w szkolnictwie muzycznym. Jego celem jest przedstawienie oraz analiza tomu Bajki skrzydlate pod kątem funkcji, jaką może on pełnić w psychologiczno-pedagogicznym wsparciu uczniów podstawowej szkoły muzycznej.
EN
Indian classical music uses a highly sophisticated system of melodic structures (rāga), which relate with particular states of mind (rāsa). In this relation, there is significant importance of tiny micro-intervallic nuances in the tuning of ragas. This article brings results of research called Ragas and emotions realized by Musical Acoustics Research Centre (Academy of Performing Arts in Prague). The goal of the project was to prove if emotional states rāsa, traditionally connected with certain ragas, can be perceived by Western listeners too, either familiar with listening to Indian music or totally inexperienced. The basis of this study is an online listening test which was prepared with a collaboration of significant Indian musician Amit Chatterjee (NYC/ Calcutta). The processing of results employs various statistical methods (factor analysis, Cronbach alpha, Pearson’s correlation) that show different levels of sensitivity between respondents for specific emotions. Various listening strategies among the respondents and their subgroups were revealed. The results of respondents are also put into comparison with an evaluation of emotional content done by the performer himself. In the next step, there was a research of correspondence between particular emotional states and specific micro-intervals (śruti), which shows some interesting connections between an occurrence rate of certain characteristic intervals in a given raga and particular emotions. For example, the interval of a major seventh (15/8) corresponds here with the emotions of joy and love, and partially with solemnity and compassion, which confirms the traditional Indian approach. Specific relation came out between emotion of fear and the interval of the low minor second (25/24, which is 29 cents lower than the tempered minor second), which is a characteristic interval of raga Marwa, traditionally connected with the aspect of death.
CS
Indická klasická hudba disponuje velmi propracovaným systémem melodických struktur (rāga), které korespondují s různými emočními stavy (rāsa). Velkou roli zde hrají jemné mikrointervalové nuance v ladění jednotlivých rág. Tato studie prezentuje výsledky výzkumu, nazvaného Rágy a emoce, realizovaným Výzkumným centrem hudební akustiky HAMU. Projekt si kladl za cíl prověřit, zda emoční stavy rāsa, kladené indickou tradicí do spojitosti s konkrétními rágami, lze zaznamenat i u posluchače západoevropského kulturního okruhu, ať už obeznámeného s poslechem indické hudby, tak i naprosto nezkušeného. Těžištěm této studie je vyhodnocení výsledků poslechového testu (online) který byl připraven ve spolupráci se špičkovým indickým hudebníkem Amitem Chatterjeem (New York, Kalkata). Zpracování výsledků využívá různých statistických metod (faktorová analýza, Cronbachova alfa, Pearsonova korelace), které ukazují různou míru shody respondentů pro různé emoce, též odhalují rozdílné posluchačské strategie. Výsledky hodnotitelů jsou též dány do korelace s hodnocením samotného interpreta. V další fázi šlo pak o vyhodnocení souvislosti daných emočních odezev s konkrétními mikrointervalovými nuancemi (śruti), které ukázalo velmi zajímavé souvislosti mezi mírou výskytu některých, pro danou rágu charakteristických intervalů a konkrétními emocemi. Jedná se např. o interval velké septimy (poměr 15/8), který koresponduje s emocemi radosti, lásky a částečně i vážnosti a soucitu, což je v souladu s indickou tradicí. Specifická souvislost se ukázala též mezi pocitem strachu a intervalem nízké malé sekundy (25/24, je o celých 29 centů nižší, než temperovaná malá sekunda), což je charakteristický interval rágy západu Slunce Marwa, která je tradičně spojována s aspektem smrti.
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