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By reminding the criteria of separation of Boyko Land as a cultural and historic territory and the Boykos as an ethnographic group the author aims to convince that we are not dealing with history of exploring the ethnographic areas, but the history of inventing them. Talking about the Boykos in Boyko Land is synonymous with commitment to a number of ideas from the history of science, the old concepts of culture, folk culture, ethnicity, cultural-historical school and anthropogeoghraphy, physical anthropology, and physiognomies, folklore and ethnography. Contrary to Boyko Land researchers the author claim that since the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present day in Ukraine they deal not with a great ethnic group – the Boykos, but with many local communities of Ruthenian mountaineers – the ethnographic groups. The old and popular in the north-eastern Carpathians depreciating words related to the alien, such as “Boyko” or “Lemko”, were released from the meaning by the intellectuals who were engaged in science, literature and politics in order to apply them to name the groups and their territories.
EN
Modern informational war is carried out in the transformed hybrid formats. The conflict which is related to the military aggression of Russia against Ukraine demonstrates the transformation of traditional methods of information attacks and propaganda effects in hybrid war. It combines all phases of the conflict — from latent forms to open armed confrontation. Information component of the conflict is appropriated to determine as a semantic war by the theory of George Pocheptsov. The main factors of the Russian-Ukrainian war meanings based of the material of modern media discourse are analyzed at the report. Specifically, that are the confrontation of values and interpretations; figurative, symbolic and emotional components of the conflict discourse (naming a semantic eff ective weapon of war; narratives role in changes in behavioral patterns, framing, transformation promotional schemes). The hybrid nature of modern informational war consists into removing the actual relevance of the traditional distinction of journalism and propaganda, in a mimicry process of manipulation and propaganda by the “discourse of truth” and in the attempt to destroy the distinction between truth and false at all (phenomenon of fakes). The analysis results show high level of conflict mythologizing in media discourse and this defines a leading semantic of modern war of meanings. Mythological technology of simulacrum, the use of bricolage, collective binary and ritualized patterns of perception, fanatical blind faith are treated as the main instrument of the war of meanings.
PL
Artykuł powstał ze „skrawków”, jakie pozostały w wyniku pracy nad brulionami Henryka Sienkiewicza. Autorka zrobiła rekonesans, ustaliła jak w świetle korespondencji pierwszej żony Henryka Sienkiewicza, Marii, listów samego pisarza i korespondencji Karola Potkańskiego do Jadwigi Janczewskiej można opisać stosunek małżeństwa Sienkiewiczów do syna i córki. Kluczowy w wywodzie stał się list Karola Potkańskiego napisany do Jadwigi Janczewskiej w roku 1893. Historyk, opiekun Henryka Sienkiewicza-juniora w czasie jego nauki w krakowskim gimnazjum, Karol Potkański, nakreślił w nim wizję Sienkiewicza jako ojca nieczułego i nieodpowiedzialnego, a dodatkowo faworyzującego córkę. Praca stanowi przyczynek do szerszych badań, pozwalających ustalić jak stereotypy wpływają na postrzeganie znanych postaci życia literackiego i kulturalnego drugiej połowy XIX wieku oraz nad procesem ich mitologizowania.
EN
The article was written on the basis of “scraps” left as a result of the study of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s draft papers. The author made a reconnaissance and determined how, in the light of the correspondence of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s first wife, Maria, writer’s own letters and Karol Potkański’s correspondence to Jadwiga Janczewska, we can describe the relationship of Sienkiewicz and his wife to their son and daughter. The letter of Karol Potkański, written to Jadwiga Janczewska in 1893, turned out to be crucial in this matter. In his letter, Karol Potkański, a historian, Henryk Sienkiewicz Junior’s guardian during his studies at the Kraków grammar school, presented Sienkiewicz as an insensitive and irresponsible father, who additionally favoured his daughter. The work contributes to wider research that allows to determine how stereotypes affect the perception of well-known literary and cultural figures of the second half of the 19th century and the process of their mythologisation.
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