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PL
Roman Dmowski in 1899 went on a nine-month travel to Brazil in order to verify the idea of New Poland and “rational colonization in the national spirit” in the Brazilian state of Parana, advocated by Lviv emigration activists in exile. Although from the outset his attitude towards this idea was rather sceptical, however, he treated it seriously enough that he read in London the European literature devoted to emigration. Then wrote a book Wychodztwo i osadnictwo (Migration and Settlement). His stay in Brazil convinced him that the ideas of colonization were day dreams. The hitherto literature so far has mysteriously presented the Brazilian travel. Historians usually either do not understand the motivation of Dmowski, or thought that staying in America made Dmowski became a supporter of the colonization. This misunderstanding is accompanied by repetition of a wrong chronology of writing of Wychodztwo i osadnictwo.
EN
The article deals with Bernard Chrzanowski’s account of his participation in the work of the National League. Chrzanowski was a lawyer, national, educational and social activist in the Prussian partition. In the Second Republic he held the office of school superintendent and sat in the Senate. Chrzanowski’s account, presented in the text, contains invaluable information about Poznan members of the National League before 1918, being among the few surviving testimonies about the group’s activities.
EN
During the period of 1941–1944, “Walka” the head body of the National Party in the period of occupation published the series entitled “O co walczymy?” (What do we fight for?). It was comprised of 32 detailed drafts. They presented political, social and economic programme. At the same time, they comprise evidence of how the method of the programme invented by the NP was created during the four years of war. This article includes the analysis of the whole series entitled “O co walczymy?”, it depicts the political group where it was created and outlines the ideological and historic contexts. The analysis allows us to draw the conclusion that, at the beginning, the attention of the “O co walczymy” series’ authors was drawn to geopolitics and the issue of future borders. Since 1942 it was dominated by social and economic subjects. The “O co walczymy?” series proves that during the period of occupation, the National Party developed a comprehensive programme which included such issues as agricultural reform, education, higher education, the middle class, right for ownership, the judiciary, and work ethics. The local government and social organisations were to be the foundation of the “national political system”. Capitalism was to be the focal point of the system – as the source of moral standards and the safety catch protecting the national idea against distortion. The “O co walczymy?” series allows to imagine what the post-war Poland would be, if the power was not taken over by Communists.
EN
In April 1945, after the decision of Maj. Mieczysław Grygorcewicz („Bohdan”, „Miecz”) regarding the passage of the Białystok District of the Cryptonym „Cyryl” of the National Military Organization (Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa, NOW) to the National Military Union (Narodowy Związek Wojskowy, NZW), the process of forming the County District Cryptonym „Bałtyk” has begun. This covered the Białystok District, where various organizations had been operating since 1942, including the National Armed Forces (Narodowe Siły Zbrojne) and the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) in addition to the NOW. The NZW in this area faced the problem of uniting all of the national organizations under a common banner and building underground structures capable of providing an effective counter to the communist regime. This was not an easy task considering the numerous problems that plagued the „Bałtyk” District during its initial organizational phase, which were mainly associated with acute staff shortages, poor equipment, and the training of its members.
DE
Gleichzeitig mit der Entscheidung von Major Mieczysław Grygorcewicz, alias „Bohdan”, „Miecz” im April 1945, über den Übergang des Bezirks Białystok (Deckname „Cyryl”) der Nationalen Militärorganisation (Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa, NOW) an die Nationale Militärische Union (Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe, NZW), begann der Prozess der Bildung des Bezirks „Bałtyk”. Er umfasste den Bezirk Białystok, in dem bereits seit 1942 verschiedene Organisationen tätig waren, darunter neben der NOW auch die NSZ und die Heimatarmee. Das NZW stand in diesem Gebiet vor dem Problem, alle nationalen Organisationen unter einer gemeinsamen Standarte zu vereinen und Untergrundstrukturen aufzubauen, die fähig sein würden, einen wirksamen Kampf gegen das kommunistische Regime zu führen. Angesichts der zahlreichen Probleme, mit denen der Militärbezirk „Bałtyk” in seiner ersten Organisationsphase zu kämpfen hatte, war dies keine leichte Aufgabe. Dazu gehörten vor allem akuter Personalmangel, schlechte Ausrüstung und Ausbildung der Mitglieder.
PL
W kwietniu 1945 r. wraz z decyzją mjr. Mieczysława Grygorcewicza ps. „Bohdan”, „Miecz” o przejściu Okręgu Białystok krypt. „Cyryl” Narodowej Organizacji Wojskowej (NOW) do Narodowego Zjednoczenia Wojskowego (NZW) rozpoczął się proces formowania Powiatu krypt. „Bałtyk”. Swym zasięgiem objął on powiat białostocki, na terenie którego już od 1942 r. funkcjonowały różne organizacje, w tym obok NOW także NSZ i Armia Krajowa. Przed NZW na tym terenie stanął problem zjednoczenia wszystkich organizacji narodowych pod wspólnym sztandarem i budowy struktur podziemnych, zdolnych podjąć się skutecznej walki z reżimem komunistycznym. Nie było to zadanie łatwe, zważywszy na liczne bolączki trapiące Powiat „Bałtyk” w jego początkowej fazie organizacyjnej. Były to głównie dotkliwe braki kadrowe, słabe wyposażenie i wyszkolenie członków.
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