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The article discusses the most representative theories and views regarding collective memory and its relations with literature. As literary studies have not yet developed appropriate research methods and the relevant academic reflection refers to the terminology and the system of notions developed by related sciences, the author starts her discussion from presenting classical theories by Maurice Halbwachs, Jacques Le Goff, Hayden White and Paul Ricoeur. In this perspective it is easy to notice that literature may be perceived as a medium of memory or a means of its formation. The second part of the text is devoted to the relations between literature and memory as seen by Ansgar Nünning and Astrid Erll, who distinguished three basic categories: memory of literature, memory in literature and literature as a medium of memory. The reflection on their findings allows to treat literature as an integral part of memory culture.
EN
In the article I discuss the narrative method used by Magdalena Grzebałkowska in her reportage book about the Beksiński family. Using as my example Zofia, the most difficult character to describe — as she is the most “elusive” among all protagonists — I analyse the means used by the reporter to portray her. The starting point of the analysis is the findings concerning the links between documentary literature and historical writings as well as biographies.
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INTRICACIES OF INSTRUMENTAL REASONING

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In the first part of the paper plurality of 'narrations' concerning reality is indicated both in public debates and core social sciences. In the second part author suggests that diversity of such 'narrations' is founded either on 'progressive' thinking including our beliefs in possibility to manage public affairs with such means as 'rationalization', forecasting, risk assessment, evidence based decision making, etc. or on uncertainty and social institutions providing patterns of coping with such uncertainty.
EN
The paper offers a reconstruction and re-evalutation of the philosophy of history developed by Li Dazhao (1889–1927) – one of the first Chinese Communists. It is argued that despite its marginal treatment in scholarly literature, Li’s philosophy stands out from the thought of other Chinese Marxists for its creative interpretation of historical materialism and a critical engagement with Marx’s view of class struggle and the economic base. Furthermore, in his philosophy of history, Li Dazhao innovatively draws on the Confucian idea of Great Unity (datong), Daoist criticism of heroism, and, most importantly, the concept of ‘life’ in Lebensphilosophie. In addition, the article shows that Li’s view of the historical process was consistently complemented with an exceptional meta-philosophy of history and the philosophy of historiography which shared the premises of the much later narrativist epistemology of history.
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Manowce instrumentalnego rozumu

63%
EN
In the first part of the paper plurality of 'narrations' concerning reality is indicated both in public debates and core social sciences. In the second part author suggests that diversity of such 'narrations' is founded either on 'progressive' thinking including our beliefs in possibility to manage public affairs with such means as 'rationalization', forecasting, risk assessment, evidence based decision making, etc. or on uncertainty and social institutions providing patterns of coping with such uncertainty.
EN
The linguistic turn has emphasized the linguistic aspect of history as a kind of a tale, unveiling its ideological foundations and rhetorical structure. This article’s aim is, however, to prove how seeing history as a collection of texts enables us to regain its subjective sense. The authoress considers the fears of historians’ manipulations as well as the validity of »the sense of history«’s question and shows that hermeneutics restores that validity in the epoch after metanarratives’ defeat. Referring to Ricoeur, Gadamer, Marquard, Vattimo and also a sociologist Jan Szczepański, this paper displays that we could be perceived as a product of history, but the interpretation of historical texts, sources and traditions, deepens our “being-in-the-world”. History appears to be the dialectics of being a product and creating, it relies on decision and obligation. Having understood, how the past mediated by texts – historical interpretations – influences our conduct, we could give it new senses.
EN
Theories of discursive integration form a group of theories that see the principles responsible for the integration of experience data (apperception) in the practices and schemes of discourse. These theories indicate that the use of language unites and organizes experience data. Their main assumption can be expressed as follows: this integration does not inhere in objects and cannot be derived from them; hence this integration cannot be secondarily expressed in language, but results exclusively from the use of language (or discourse). In this article, Witold Marzęda gives an overview of narrativist theories, script theories, Gazzaniga and Dennett’s models, which refer to evolutionary psychology, and the theories of Lakoff and Johnson – all these being theories of discursive integration. Marzęda’s main objective is to formulate a paradox, which consists in a trap of self-referentiality into which these theories fall: they postulate some general properties of discourse, which, firstly, do not have to become at once the properties of individual models and which, secondly, do not admit of falsification.
PL
Koncepcje integracji dyskursywnej to grupa teorii, które upatrują zasad łączenia danych doświadczenia (apercepcji) w praktykach i schematach dyskursu. Koncepcje te wskazują, że użycie języka jednoczy i porządkuje dane doświadczenia. Główną tezę tych koncepcji można wyrazić tak: powiązanie nie leży w przedmiotach i nie można go z nich zaczerpnąć, powiązania nie można więc wtórnie wyrazić w języku, lecz jest ono wyłącznie dziełem używania języka (dyskursu). W artykule omówiono koncepcje narratywistyczne, teorie skryptów, nawiązujące do psychologii ewolucyjnej modele Gazzanigi i Dennetta oraz koncepcje Lakoffa i Johnsona. Stanowią one reprezentacyjne teorie integracji dyskursywnej. Głównym zadaniem artykułu jest prezentacja paradoksu opartego na samoodniesieniu, w jaki popadają koncepcje integracji dyskursywnej. Ich paradoks polega na tym, że postulują pewne generalne własności dyskursu, które po pierwsze, nie muszą stać się również własnościami poszczególnych modeli, a po drugie, nie dają się falsyfikować.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje próbę zidentyfikowania cech dystynktywnych dla nurtu pisarstwa III pokolenia po Holokauście na podstawie powieści Jonatana Safrana Foera Wszystko jest iluminacją, otwierającej i ustanawiającej zasadnicze cechy jego poetyki. Doświadczenie utraty, bezradności, panplagiatowości i poszukiwania sensu manifestuje się w różnego rodzaju zabiegach prozatorskich, prowadząc ostatecznie przez abdukcyjne meandry rozumowania do afirmacji życia.
EN
The article tries to identify distinctive features for the current of writing of the 3rd generation after the Holocaust on the basis of Jonathan Safran Foer’s novel Everything Is Illuminated that opens and establishes the basic features of his poetics. The experience of a loss, helplessness, panplagiarism and of searching for the meaning is manifested in various prose devices, ultimately leading through abductive meanders of reasoning to the affirmation of life.
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