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Central European Papers
|
2018
|
vol. 6
|
issue 2
37-55
EN
The aim of this paper is to identify the trends and direction of Hungarian referenda-related legislation and their interpretation. The paper tries to determine the beneficiaries of the different models – for example the political elite (governmental or opposition parties), emerging political groups, or voters as non-professional (occasional) partakers of politics. The paper relies on the methodology of the science of constitutional law and it applies temporal comparison: it gives an overview of the changes in the regulation of national referenda in Hungary since the change of political regime. During three decades of the Third Hungarian Republic, the national referendum’s constitutional role and model changed several times owing to the amendment of the relevant legislation and the changes in the Constitutional Court’s and the Hungarian Supreme Court’s – called Curia – jurisprudence. A clear trend may be identified from the regulation of referenda: the clearly “referendum-friendly” 1989 rules were amended to become mainly “parliament-friendly”. It must be noted, that while the Hungarian constitutional system (unlike German or US system) still contains the institution of national referendum, the citizen-initiated “referendum threat” is decreasing tendentiously. Meanwhile, the political elite, especially the Government and the strongest parties have the greatest chance of organizing a successful referendum. The jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and the Curia did not follow such a clear trend as the regulation. Both these bodies’ jurisprudence contains decisions in favour of referenda and against this form of direct democracy, so their jurisprudence is in a constant flux.
EN
This paper presents the institution of national referendums in modern Uzbekistan, which in 1991 became an independent and sovereign state in the wake ofthe collapse of the Soviet Union. It discusses the legislative regulations of referendums stipulated in the Constitution of Uzbekistan of 1992 and the 1992 Law. In the analysis ofthe latter, particular attention is given to such elements as the right to vote, the principle of transparency, the entities authorised to take the initiative to hold a referendum, the authorities responsible for the preparation and holding of a referendum and the criteria for its validity. There were only four referenda held in Uzbekistan in the period of concern: two in 1991, and one in 1995 and 2002 each. It is concluded that national referendums in Uzbekistan play an essential role, providing the only fully democratic form of citizens expressing their preferences in this authoritarian state.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono instytucję referendum ogólnokrajowego we współczesnym Uzbekistanie, który po rozpadzie Związku Radzieckiego jest od 1991 r. niepodległym i suwerennym państwem. W dalszej części omówiono regulacje prawne dotyczące referendum, zawarte w Konstytucji Uzbekistanu z 1992 r. i ustawie z 1992 r. Analizując ustawę zwrócono uwagę zwłaszcza na takie elementy, jak czynne prawo wyborcze, zasadę jawności, podmioty uprawnione do wystąpienia z inicjatywą przeprowadzenia referendum, organy odpowiedzialne za przygotowanie i przeprowadzenie referendum oraz kryteria ważności referendum. W omawianym okresie w Uzbekistanie odbyły się tylko cztery referenda: dwukrotnie w1991,1995i 2002 r. W konstatacji podkreślono, że referendum ogólnokrajowe w Uzbekistanie spełnia bardzo ważną rolę, stanowiąc w istocie w warunkach państwa o autorytarnym systemie rządów je dyną w pełni demokratyczną formę wyrażenia woli obywateli tego kraju.
PL
W artykule autorka analizuje doświadczenia Sądu Konstytucyjnego Republiki Łotewskiej w stosowaniu zarządzeń tymczasowych podczas badania skarg konstytucyjnych składanych przez jednostki. Przedmiotem rozważań są również ustalenia Sądu Konstytucyjnego dotyczące kwestii nieprzewidzianych w procedurze kontroli konstytucyjności prawa. Dlatego też autorka zajmuje się odpowiedzią na pytanie, czy Sąd Konstytucyjny może zawiesić postępowanie sądowe i procedurę ustawodawczą.
EN
In the article author analyses the experience of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia in applying temporary adjustment in examining constitutional complaints submitted by persons. In view of the case law of the Constitutional Court, the rulings of the Constitutional Court regarding issues not envisaged in the Constitutional Court procedure are analysed as well. Thus, the article provides answers to questions – whether the Constitutional Court may suspend legal proceedings and legislation procedure.
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