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Natural resources, urbanisation, economic growth and the ecological footprint in South Africa: The moderating role of human capital

100%
Nathaniel S. P.
Quaestiones Geographicae
|
2021
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vol. 40
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issue 2
63-76
EN
South Africa is the largest emitter of CO2 and arguably the most developed and urbanised country in Africa. The country currently harbours an ecological deficit territory which could be the outcome of economic expansion, urban explosion, unsustainable resource exploration and a low level of human development. After all, environmental distortions are mainly the outcome of human activities. This study is a maiden attempt to examine the linkage between urbanisation, human capital, natural resources (NR) and the ecological footprint (EF) in South Africa. Unlike previous studies, this study employs positivist and relevant environmental indicators that accommodate built-up land, forest land, carbon footprint, ocean, grazing land and cropland. Findings from the long-run results suggest that urbanisation, economic growth and NR increase the EF, whereas human capital ensures environmental sustainability. The interaction between urbanisation and human capital mitigates environmental degradation by reducing the EF. The canonical cointegrating regression (CCR), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) results further confirm the nature of the relationships and linkages existing with respect to NR, urbanisation, economic growth and the EF. A bidirectional causality exists between human capital, economic growth and the EF. Policies related to NR and urban sustainability, the limitations of the study, as well as possible directions for future research are discussed.
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Zasoby przyrodnicze jako atrakcje kulturowe: przykłady z wyspy Lanzarote (Hiszpania)

100%
Kowalczyk A.
Turystyka Kulturowa
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2013
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issue 5
35-57
EN
In the holistic perspective, nature and culture are in continuum. This continuum is close to phenomenological approach, as well as sustainable tourism concept. One one the best example of region which from decades has developed according the principles of sustainable development, is Lanzarote, Canary Islands (Spain). Among people who struggled against mass-tourism model on the island was César Manrique. In 1966, after his return from USA, César Manrique organised a group of intellectuals, who started fighting for protection and conservation of the unique volcanic landscape of the island. From mid-1960s until his death (in 1992) César Manrique, as an architect, prepared several projects which now are top tourist attractions on Lanzarote. One of his project is complex of volcanic-origin caves Jameos del Agua. In Jameos del Agua, as well as in other projects (viewpoint Mirador del Rio, restaurant „El Diablo” in Montañas de Fuego, Jardín de Cactus at Guatiza etc.), César Manrique – who was founder of original aesthetic ideology dominated by art-nature/nature-art philosophy – put his plans into practice. So, now Jameos del Agua is not only one of the top tourist spot on Lanzarote, but it is very good example of nature-culture continuum in contemporary architecture nad tourist planning.
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