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Proč Hamsunův Hlad není naturalistický román

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Humpál M.
Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)
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2015
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vol. 52
47-51
EN
Knut Hamsun’s Hunger (1890, Sult) is nowadays often regarded as one of the first Scandinavian, or even European, modernist novels. However, some have also classified it as naturalist. The author of the article claims that the text does contain some naturalist elements, but this alone is not a sufficient argument for considering the novel to be naturalist as a whole. The article offers several arguments as to why it is inappropriate to designate Hunger as a naturalist work and supports those readings of the novel that see it as representing a modernist break with realist and naturalist aesthetics.
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Lidská práva v kontextu kulturní evoluce:

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Tvrdíková L.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2021
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vol. 160
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issue 2
121-135
EN
Main aim of this paper is to present naturalistic theory of human rights, which shows that despite the fact that human rights can be seen as basic moral requirements they are society-dependent, which means they are connected to the society and its evolution. First part of this paper deals with the starting-point of this approach – what this naturalization means. I want to point out that it really does not mean that all the things and all issues can be reduced to physical or chemical properties and laws. The fact that we – human beings – have language also makes us discursive beings and we can build fantastic worlds to live in – as Peregrin points out. We do not have to live in the natural world as such, in the realm of nature where natural laws, e.g. physical, chemical, etc. are the only thing that matters, our world that we live in and which we build is also normative – realm of freedom – where there exist other rules which matters – and our freedom lies in the fact that we can obey but also disobey them. This is our ability which makes us different among other organisms and because of this our ability Darwinian evolution is not the only evolutionary process that plays the crucial role in our evolution, according to some philosophers and cognitive scientists there is also a process which they named cultural evolution. So, next part will be devoted to the concept of cultural evolution which might not be interesting just for cognitive scientists and philosophers but also for scientists who work in the field of social science, law and jurisprudence. This is caused by the fact that this theory works with rules and their place and function in society. In this part we will focus on the evolution of morality because as we will see human rights can be seen as basic moral requirements which are necessary for global cooperation.
CS
Tento článek si klade za cíl podat naturalističtější verzi teorie lidských práv, z které bude zřejmé, že i lidská práva, byť o nich můžeme hovořit jako o základních morálních požadavcích, jsou závislá na společnosti a na jejím vývoji, jelikož i samotná moralita je závislá na společnosti a na jednotlivcích v ní žijících. První část bude věnována východisku tohoto textu a tomu, co vlastně znamená ona naturalističtější teorie. Nejedná se o přístup, kdy bychom chtěli tvrdit, že vše je redukovatelné na fyzikální a chemické zákony. Jak bude uvedeno, člověk je diskurzivní bytostí, a to díky tomu, že máme jazyk, prostřednictvím kterého vytváříme Peregrinovými slovy fantastický svět, ve kterém žijeme, nejsme vázáni na to žít pouze v přírodním světě, kde se vše řídí přírodními zákony, ale i ve světě svobody – v normativním světě pravidel, kde touto naší svobodou je se pravidly řídit, či nikoli. Tímto se, jakožto organismy, podle některých lišíme od ostatních organismů, neboť v případě lidí nehraje ve vývoji roli pouze darwinovská evoluce, ale i evoluce kulturní, která je mnohem rychlejší. Tento koncept, tedy koncept kulturní evoluce, který je zajímavý nejen pro kognitivní vědce a filosofy, ale i pro vědce věnující se společenským vědám či právu, neboť pojednává mimo jiné i o vývoji společnosti a – mimo jiné – úloze norem v ní, pak bude představen v další části. V té se zaměříme i na vývoj morality, jelikož lidská práva lze podle autorky považovat za základní morální požadavky, díky kterým je možná globální kooperace.
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Vědecká filosofie, světový názor a "Tiefsinn" : tři podoby filosofie v Husserlově článku filosofie jako přísná věda

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Novák A.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2018
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vol. 40
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issue 1
29-62
EN
Since phenomenology isn’t just a method of philosophical research but also a genuine philosophical stance, Husserl discusses in his famous article Philosophy as a Strict Science from 1910/11 at least three notions of philosophy to demonstrate, what should be considered solely as a scientifi c philosophy. Th is may only be his phenomenological philosophy, which Husserl contrasts against both in his time most popular philosophical positions, i.e. the naturalism, and the philosophy of world view. But there is also another “brand” of philosophy that’s being mentioned in his article: the so called ‘Tiefsinn’. Is it a fourth notion of philosophy, or just the extreme derivation from the “world view”? Not only shall our article answer that question, but also demonstrate Husserl’s conception of a phenomenological philosophy being a strict scientifi c philosophy in contrast to naturalism as well as the world view.
CS
Fenomenologie není pouze specifi cká metoda filosofi ckého zkoumání, ale též svébytná fi losofi cká pozice. Husserl je znám a diskutován spíše jako autor právě zmíněné metody, ovšem ta přeci měla sloužit jakožto organon pro vytvoření samostatné fi losofi cké nauky. Proto se bude v příspěvku věnovat pozornost Husserlovu chápání toho, co je to filosofi e, a to v kontrastu proti dobově populárním fi losofi ckým pozicím, jimiž byly naturalismus a fi losofi e světového názoru s jeho nejodpudivější podobou nazývanou Husserlem pejorativně „Tiefsinn“: důvtipná duchaplnost. Husserl zamýšlí odstranit oba zmíněné typy fi losofi e skutečně přísně vědeckou fi losofi í, jež bude fi losofi í fenomenologickou.
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„Co je rozumné, to se (možná) stane skutečným.“

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Voldřichová Beránková E., Bartha-Kovács K.
Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)
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2019
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vol. 59
90-106
EN
The article proposes a contemporary reflection on Hegel’s famous quote “the real is the rational and the rational is the real” that tradition has often misinterpreted. Inspired by a new reading by JeanFrançois Kervégan (which translates the sentence “the rational will become effective/real and the real/effective will become rational”), the article focuses on one of the possible illustrations of this Hegelian thesis. Émile Zola’s novel The Work consists of a very interesting analysis of the notions of reality, effectiveness and rationality that the author applies to both literature and visual arts. Behind the controversies of Pierre Sandoz and Claude Lantier, it is possible to discern all the debates that opposed Émile Zola to his friend Paul Cézanne.
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Na okraj Nerudovy prózy

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Pelán J.
Česká literatura (Czech Literature)
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2023
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vol. 71
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issue 3
344-354
EN
This article reflects on the innovations that can be noted in Neruda’s prose and which anticipate subsequent developmental phases (e.g. naturalism and symbolism). Neruda’s short stories are a combination of factual realism and authorial stylization, characteristic of what is known as the physiological sketch. The proto-naturalistic elements can be considered to be based on Neruda’s preoccupation with somewhat abnormal characters, handicapped physically or socially, a new image of eroticism, emphasizing the sexual motivations of human behaviour, an interest in the “insulted and humiliated” and Flaubert’s concept of the literary image as a sketch of “environment and passion”. As a rule, the autobiographical narrating “I” occupies the position of observer and witness for Neruda, and this “autobiographicism” effectively functions as a guarantee of the authenticity - the truthfulness, the “realism” - of what is narrated. At the same time, this “I” fully controls the narrative situation, and Neruda’s narrative mode is thus one of the most original variants of European Shandyism.
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He was thinking

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Hříbek T.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2024
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vol. 72
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issue 2
355-362
EN
An obituary for Professor Daniel C. Dennett which offers a comprehensive overview of his entire philosophical project. It is argued that Dennett, drawing on the results and methods of cognitive sciences and evolutionary biology, attempted a unique reconciliation of the manifest image and the scientific image.
CS
Nekrolog profesora Daniela C. Dennetta se snaží nabídnout úplný přehled jeho filosofického projektu. Autor tvrdí, že Dennett, jenž čerpal z výsledků i metod kognitivních věd a evoluční biologie, navrhl jedinečný způsob, jak uvést do souladu manifestní a vědecký obraz světa.
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