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EN
The article presents how Helen Macdonald, the author of H is for Hawk, undertakes the task of ordering ‘the archaeology of grief’ – uncovering strata of remembrance with past states of mind, forgotten events, emotions, and earlier perspectives. Because the book reveals the author’s strong sense of connection with nature, it is therefore classified under the heading ‘nature writing’ or ‘new nature writing’. This non-fiction autobiographical narrative is, however, primarily a personal journey where the narrator’s/author’s inner self is revealed through carefully orchestrated memories which form her as a protagonist. The narrative is a confession of how she struggled through the ordeal of mourning after her father’s death and how in order to cope with the trauma of loss she undertook the task of taming a hawk. The story shows how in the course of manning the hawk Helen begins to ‘forget’ or rather deny civilisation, social ties, her own professional duties, and how the obsession with bird taming takes her to the very edge of sanity. At the same time, however, it is the hawk that becomes a lifeline, a connection with the corporeal, the tangible, and the physical. Moreover, the narrator’s journey with the goshawk through English landscape becomes a catalyst for remembrance that belongs to public realm. And so, it evokes more lengthy reflections on environment, literary heritage, history, society, and relations between humans and nature.
EN
This article considers adult learning from a ‘long-life’ perspective. Stepping out of con¬temporary frames that position adult learning as ‘life-long’ or even ‘life-wide’ enables a discussion of adult learning as an evolutionary informed, ecologically meaningful activity. In taking this approach, the paper shows how adult learning has evolved and been maintained by trouble, indeed how the human condition is under continual existential threat. The paper will draw on writings that discuss the evolutionary origins of adult learning, particularly the paradox that humans are both part of, and separate from, the ‘more-than-human’ world (Abram, 1997). The focus of this paper will be on the experience, conscious or unconscious, of living under the continual threat of annihilation and how this may have provided the motive for adult learning behaviours in both our hominid ancestors and contemporary society. The paper begins with a discussion to highlight the nature of human life as one that is always under threat by drawing on religious symbolism, poetry and (in the UK at least) an ever-expanding genre of ‘nature writing’. Having explored what it may feel like to live a life where survival is uncertain, the paper then draws on ecological and evolutionary principles to provide a theoretical ‘long-life’ understanding of adult learning. It is admitted at the outset that the route set out here may appear contradictory, even confusing, but the author asks the reader to first enter into an uncomfortable and troubling world, before the author, finally – despite what might sound like a bleak prospect for humanity – provides resources of hope grounded in the paradoxical potential provided by adult learning.
PL
W swoim artykule autorka opisuje, w jaki sposób piesze wędrówki przyczyniły się do powstania jej powieści Call of the Undertow wydanej w 2013. Nawiązując również do swojej wcześniejszej książki – Doubling Back: Ten Paths Trodden in Memory, pokazuje, że powrót na znane już szlaki może stać się inspiracją do powstania dzieła z pogranicza „wspomnień, trawelogu i literackiej medytacji”. W obu książkach Cracknell w złożony sposób przygląda się przyrodzie, historii społecznej, lokalnym społecznościom i ich wewnętrznym układom, przyjmując w swoich książkach metody badawcze, które wyjaśnia w niniejszym artykule. Fascynują ją światy graniczne i odkrywanie jednostkowych historii kobiet, które mają odwagę podważać zasadność granic i podziałów. Dla Cracknell, ruch jest niezbędnym elementem w procesie twórczym, a w Doubling Back staje się on wręcz głównym tematem jej rozważań. W „Chodząc w kółko: Krajobrazowe opowieści”, autorka zadaje pytanie o rodzaj tekstu, który pozwala na bardziej cielesne doświadczenie podróżnicze, zastanawiając się również, czy czytelnik sam powinien być wędrowcem, aby lepiej i pełniej zrozumieć relacje z odbywanych przez innych podróżników pieszych wypraw.
EN
Using the example of her novel, Call of The Undertow, published in 2013, Linda Cracknell writes about how repeated walks in a new place rich with possibility resulted in a fictional narrative out of observation and sensation. She also draws on her non-fiction book, Doubling Back: Ten Paths Trodden in Memory, a book described as a combination of ‘memoir, travelogue and literary meditation’, inspired by re-treading former journeys on foot taken by herself or by others.Both books have involved a ‘multiple gaze’ across nature, social history, communities and inner lives, and share some creative methods. In both she’s attracted to liminal worlds, exploration and often to women who challenge boundaries. Motion is necessary to this writer’s imaginative writing, but in Doubling Back, the motion has itself become the subject. For the writer, the craft is similar but fiction feels a greater transformation of the material. For the reader, which kind of text provides a more visceral experience of having travelled herself, and is it necessary for the reader to be a walker in order to fully engage with accounts of journeys on foot?
Porównania
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2022
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vol. 31
|
issue 1
95-113
EN
The article is an attempt to read various types of journalism that deal with human-animal relations (“Wolves” by Adam Wajrak and “Un chien mort après lui” by Jean Rolin). Each of these texts covers a different category in which we classify animals (wild, companion), but the authors deconstruct these categories. Thanks to this, the interpretation of the aforementioned books has also contributed to the development of such issues as “wildness,” empathy in human-animal relations, cultural conditions of treating certain animal species, species chauvinism, etc. These considerations were obviously included in the spirit of posthumanism, but most of all the ethical turn. The introduction includes, in turn, reflections on the particular genre, which is nature writing, and its evolution in the context of changes that took place in humanistic thought (e.g. negating the division into nature and culture).
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę odczytania różnego typu reportaży, które traktują o relacjach ludzko-zwierzęcych (Wilki Adama Wajraka oraz I ktoś rzucił za nim zdechłego psa Jeana Rolina). Każdy z tych tekstów dotyczy innej kategorii, w jakiej klasyfikujemy zwierzęta (dzikie, towarzyszące), lecz autorzy poddają te kategorie dekonstrukcji. Dzięki temu interpretacja wspomnianych reportaży stała się też przyczynkiem do rozważenia takich kwestii, jak „dzikość”, empatia w relacjach ludzko-zwierzęcych, kulturowe uwarunkowania traktowania określonych gatunków zwierząt, szowinizm gatunkowy itd. Rozważania te zostały ujęte, co oczywiste, w duchu refleksji posthumanistycznej, ale przede wszystkim – zwrotu etycznego. Wstępem do całości stały się z kolei refleksje nad odmianą gatunkową, jaką jest reportaż przyrodniczy, i jej ewolucją w kontekście zmian, które dokonały się w myśli humanistycznej (np. zanegowanie podziału na naturę i kulturę).
EN
Summary This text analyses short story – Pleśń świata – written by Bolesław Prus in the context of nature writing. According to the nature writing the most important questions raised by writers are: what is nature? How can we define it? What is the connection between nature and human? Prus in Pleśń świata presents a small ecosystem; the protagonist of the story is a scientist who observes a big stone near Sybilla’s Temple in Puławy. He describes the nature’s world through biocentrism. He rejects antropocentrism. This piece of nature observed by the protagonist symbolises a microcosmos. Prus promotes ecological awareness among readers. People are connected with animals, plants, minerals so they should respect the law of nature. What is more, people need nature which is a source of inspiration.
Porównania
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2022
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vol. 31
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issue 1
115-132
EN
The article deals with a new genre in German-language literature: nature writing. The genre has been enjoying success in the English literature market for some time, and only the first novels and volumes of this poetry appear in German-language literature that have arisen from the experience of nature; texts by Norbert Scheuer, Esther Kinsky, Marcel Bayer, Marion Poschmann, Laura Freundenthaler, Ulrike Draesner, Sabine Scho, Christian Lehnert, Silke Scheuermann and Gerhard Falkner should be mentioned here. The story “Der heißeste Sommer” ( 2020 ) by Laura Freudenthaler and the novel Winterbienen by Nobert Scheuer ( 2019 ) are presented as prime examples of this genre.
DE
In dem Beitrag wird auf ein in der deutschsprachigen Literatur neues Genre, das „Nature Writing“ eingegangen. Die Gattung feiert auf dem englischsprachigen Literaturmarkt seit geraumer Zeit Erfolge, in der deutschsprachigen Literatur erscheinen erst die ersten Romane und Lyrikbände, die aus der Naturerfahrung entstanden sind; zu erwähnen sind hier Texte von Norbert Scheuer, Esther Kinsky, Marcel Beyer, Marion Poschmann, Laura Freudenthaler, Ulrike Draesner, Sabine Scho, Christian Lehnert, Silke Scheuermann und Gerhard Falkner. Als Paradebeispiel dieser Gattung werden in dem Beitrag die Erzählung von Laura Freudenthaler „Der heißeste Sommer“ ( 2020 ) und der Roman von Norbert Scheuer „Winterbienen“ ( 2019 ) vorgestellt.
Porównania
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2022
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vol. 31
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issue 1
143-158
EN
In dem 2014 herausgegebenen Roman Am Fluß beobachtet die Erzählerin bei ihren Spaziergängen am River Lea an der Peripherie Londons eine unscheinbare Gegend, die der traditionellen Auffassung des Naturschönen nicht entspricht. Die Betrachtung der Landschaft findet ihren künstlerischen Ausdruck in einer äußerst präzisen und zugleich lyrischen Sprache. Die Naturerforschung vollzieht sich auch durch den schöpferischen Akt des Benennens und des Darstellens der menschlichen und nichtmenschlichen Welt. Esther Kinsky schildert unterschiedliche Landschaften: das Gelände am Fluss mit seiner Mischung aus Urbanem und Ländlichem, andere Flusslandschaften aus der Erinnerungsperspektive sowie kriegs- und gewaltversehrte Gelände. Die Einstellung des Subjekts ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Abkehr von der anthropozentrischen Perspektive, die die Natur instrumentalisiert. Im Beitrag werden die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Mensch und Umwelt im literarischen Text unter Einbeziehung der ökokritischen Perspektive sowie die ästhetischen Möglichkeiten einer Repräsentation der Landschaft und Natur im Roman untersucht.
Świat i Słowo
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2023
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vol. 41
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issue 2
381-399
EN
This article discusses Janisse Ray’s Ecology of a Cracker Childhood (1999) as an example of the nature writing tradition, suggesting that her knowledge of southern Georgia is based on an intimate relationship with that specific place. Drawing from Thomas Lyon, Lawrence Buell, Lorraine Anderson, Nathan Straight, and L. Hönnighausen my approach focuses on how Ray’s work reflects on the relationship between a childhood spent in rural isolation and poverty in a junkyardand the diminishing longleaf pine ecosystem that used to cover the South of the United States. This method will help establish a connection, on the one hand, between Ray’s growing awareness of a lost self and the loss of natural ecosystems, and, on the other hand, between Ray’ ssuccess in building a home, which means repairing her own self, and the restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem. Moreover, I argue, Ray is looking to determine her place within that specific ecosystem but also in the larger world, thus embodying the paradox inherent in the way place is understood in the light of the new regionalism: it roots the body but liberates the imagination. Arguing that considerations about place are at the basis of nature writing, I show that Ray constructs a literary home in which she offers alternatives to repair the longleaf pine ecosystem; providing for a vocabulary that readers might use in formulating their own relationships with the places they live in, urging them, southerners and all others, to take responsibility in promoting healthier relationships between humans, nonhumans, and the environment. Ultimately, this article contributes to the debate in nature writing by addressing Ray’s Ecology of a Cracker Childhood as an example of how in the face of a widening global environmental crisis, we might engage more closely with local and regional perspectives as they often demand a heightened environmental sensibility and a language that contributes to repairing both ecological and personal damage.
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